<p>The John I. Howe House is located in Derby, Connecticut at 213 Caroline Street. The house was constructed in 1845 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. This 2 story stone house was built for John Ireland Howe of the Howe Pin Company. Howe moved his manufacturing business from New York to Derby in 1838. Howe is revered as one of Connecticut&#39;s foremost nineteenth-century inventors.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The house is an outstanding example of Greek Revival architecture implemented in masonry. A historic porch has been lost but photos make an authentic recreation possible.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>In 1989 the owners, the Derby Historical Society, had plans for major rehabilitation of the house so that it could be used as a museum of industry. In 2016, the Derby Historical Society still owned the home, was planning for a third round of renovation, and hoped for it to become the Lower Naugatuck Valley Industrial Heritage Center, a museum to be open to the public. It has been hoped that one of Howe&#39;s pin-making machines, on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., could be returned to Derby for permanent display at the museum.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa Canning Company Seed House Building is a historic industrial building located in Vinton, Iowa, United States. The earliest available Sanborn Map shows the building in 1885, and lists it as S.H. Watson Canning Company. It was known as the first corn canning operation west of the Mississippi River in the 1890s. In addition to S.H. Watson, the facility went by a variety of names throughout its history:Cedar Valley Packing Company, the Vinton Canning Company, and the Iowa Canning Company. Before World War I the operation employed 250 people at its peak, and it produced more than 3 million cans annually. Ideal Industries, who manufactured hog confinement equipment and other items, occupied the building from the mid-1980s and sold it in 2002. The structure sustained damage in the flood of 2008, and was substantially damaged in a wind storm in 2011. Much of the damage has been repaired. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Martinsell Hill, located near Oare north of Pewsey, is the third highest point in the county of Wiltshire, southwest England, at some 289 m / 948 ft above sea level. It is the location of an Iron Age hillfort.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Martinsell Hill rises about 2km east-northeast of the village of Oare, 2km northwest of the village of Wootton Rivers, and about 4km north-northeast of the town of Pewsey. The hill is part of an east-west ridge on the northern flanks of the Vale of Pewsey and overlooks the Salisbury Avon and the Kennet & Avon Canal. The Mid Wilts Way runs along the back of the ridge. There is a trig point at the top. To the west are Oare Hill and the grounds of Rainscombe House.</p><br>
<p>There are good views from the top, including Salisbury Cathedral, over 25 miles away.</p><br>
<h2>Fort</h2><br>
<p>At the summit is an Iron Age univallate hillfort of 32 acre with a clearly visible bank and ditch system. The entrance appears to be to the northeast where there is also a ditch. The fort is the second highest prehistoric camp in Wiltshire.</p><br>
<p>The hillfort is a scheduled ancient monument and was partially excavated by Colt Hoare.</p><br>
<p>The Belcher Memorial Library is a small public library serving the village of Gaysville in Stockbridge, Vermont. It is located in the Daniel Gay House, an 1835 Greek Revival house built by Daniel Gay, a mill owner and namesake of the community. The building, one of the few to survive the 1927 flooding that destroyed most of the village, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Stockbridge&#39;s Belcher Library stands on the southeast side of Vermont Route 107, just north of its junction with Bridge Street, in the village of Gaysville. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The front facade is adorned with a Greek temple front, consisting of four smooth Doric columns rising to an entablature and fully pedimented gable. The front entrance is in the rightmost of three bays, with sash windows in the other bays, and a pair of sash windows in the gable.The small front yard is set off by a low fence on top of a fieldstone retaining wall.</p><br>
<p>The library was built as a private residence in 1835 for Daniel Gay, who owned a textile mill on the White River, which Route 107 parallels. Daniel and his brother Jeremiah moved to Stockbridge in the 1820s, and built the mill in what became known as Gaysville in 1832. The mill continued to be operated by Gay family members until its destruction (along with most of the village) in Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods. In 1937 the house was given by Lucia Gay for use by the Belcher Library Association.</p><br>
<p>The Belcher Library Association was founded in 1896 as a vehicle for preserving the private collection of William Belcher, who had bequeathed it and an endowment for its maintenance. The association took formal title to the house in 1944.</p><br>
<p>Youngville Cafe, also known as Youngville Station, is a historic building located northwest of Watkins, Iowa, United States. It was a one-stop roadside business that included a café, a Skelly gas station, and three cabins for travelers to stay in. The cabins have subsequently been removed. The building calls attention to increasing business opportunities for women. The Tudor Revival building was built in 1931 by Joe Young on his pasture land for his widowed daughter Lizzie Wheeler to support herself and her children. The main building also contained residential space where the family lived. It is located on USA Route 30, which at this point had been the Lincoln Highway. The cafe/station also served as a bus depot for the Greyhound and Jefferson bus lines.</p><br>
<p>When Wheeler retired to Cedar Rapids she rented out the business to others to run. She returned to the cafe/station in 1967 after the lease ended, but it closed that year because it didnt have enough parking and vehicles could no longer park along the highway. The building was used as a residence into the 1980s, when it was abandoned. The Benton County Sesquicentennial Commission acquired it as a restoration project to celebrate Iowas 150th anniversary of statehood in 1996. It is owned by the Youngville Highway History Association, and opened as a cafe on a limited basis. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Kelley-Fredrickson House and Office Building, also known as the Arthur Fredrickson House & Candy Store, is a historic home and commercial building located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. The house was built in 1892, and is a 2 1/2-story, irregular plan, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. Two additions were constructed between 1898 and 1917. It features a polygonal corner tower with a conical roof multiple porches with Stick Style ornamentation, bay and oriel windows, and a variety of decorative siding elements. The office / store was built in 1892, and is a 1 1/2-story wood frame building on a brick foundation. The house was moved to 702 W. Colfax in 1986 and is operated as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Sankot Motor Company, also known as the Sankot Garage, is a historic building located in Belle Plaine, Iowa, United States. The historical significance of this building is its association with the increase in all-season travel and the development of businesses to serve them along the Lincoln Highway, the United States&#39;s first transcontinental route. It is a brick front building with side walls of clay tile that was constructed on a concrete foundation. The west half of the building was added in 1927. It was operated by O.B. Charles and Sid Sankot until 1937. They also sold Chryslers. Gasoline was sold from 1920 to 1944. F.L. Sankot bought the business in 1937. In addition to vehicle repair he sold Case and Oliver tractors and implements. William and Jerry Sankot purchased the business in 1985, and limited it to passenger, commercial and agricultural vehicle repairs.</p><br>
<p>The Herring Hotel, also known as the Herring Cottage, The Herring, Hotel Herring, The Graham House Hotel, is a historic building located in Belle Plaine, Iowa, United States. Built in 1900, the American Craftsman style frame building replaced an earlier hotel with the same name that had been destroyed in a massive fire that destroyed most of the central business district in 1894. Will Herring built his namesake hotel and he had owned the previous hotel, which had been built by his father-in-law William Blossom as the Tremont House. The building was designed by Cedar Rapids architect Charles A. Dieman, and constructed by local contractor James Park.</p><br>
<p>The hotel served passengers from the Chicago and North Western Railroad depot two blocks away. Motorist on the Lincoln Highway, which was routed by the hotel, would also use the hotel after it was established in 1913. This hotel was also the victim of a fire in 1914, which destroyed the attic and roof. The third floor was added during the renovations. Herring built a service station next door in 1919, making this a one-stop roadside business. Additions were made to the station later on to house his son Edward&#39;s car dealership. USA Route 30 was routed along the Lincoln Highway in 1926, and motorist from that highway continued to stay here until 1937 when the highway was routed north of town. An indoor garage that could house up to thirty autos was added in 1927. Will Herring, who was known for his exceptional service, died in 1937. The faux brick veneer was added to the building sometime in the 1940s to early 1950s. The Herring family continued to own the hotel until 1960, although others ran it. The building, which is still a hotel, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Passenger Station-Vinton, also known as Rock Island Depot and the Vinton Depot, is a historic building located in Vinton, Iowa, United States. Completed in 1900, this depot replaced a previous depot of the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railway  located on the east side of town. It was designed by the railroad&#39;s architect and chief engineer, H.F. White, and built by A.H. Connor & Company of Cedar Rapids. The single-story brick structure was constructed on a limestone foundation. Three years after it was built, the BCR&N was acquired by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. It continued to serve as a working depot until 1967. The Benton County Historical Society restored the depot and converted into a railroad museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX is a heritage-listed campsite at Burke and Wills Access Road , Normanton, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Walker&#39;s Camp. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On 11 February 1861, four members of the Burke and Wills expedition attempting to cross the Australian continent from south to north, established their most northerly campsite adjacent the Bynoe River (west of the Norman River) in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Two of the party camped at this location for three days while expedition leader Robert OHara Burke and surveyor William John Wills ventured further north in an attempt to reach the Gulf coast. During their occupation of the site, the party blazed 15 trees to mark its location. A search party led by Frederick Walker arrived in the area 11 months later, on 8 January 1862, and also established a camp on a small seasonal lagoon near Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX. Walkers expedition blazed a tree to record the location of their camp approximately three quarters of a mile (1.2 kilometres) north of Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX.</p><br>
<p>Inspired by the prevailing interest in the sciences and exploration, the Royal Society of Victoria established a committee in 1857 to "fit out" an expedition to traverse the Australian continent from "south to north". The Royal Society, a philosophical organisation whose membership came from the highest levels of society, the sciences, the squattocracy and the government in Victoria, approached the community for donations to fund the exploration. Within two years they raised over £9,000 including £6,000 from the Victorian Government. The chief aim of the expedition was to build on previous exploration work in order to open up the "centre" of the continent.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Society advertised the position of leader of the Victorian Exploration Expedition and Robert O&#39;Hara Burke, a police superintendent from the Castlemaine District of Victoria, was chosen to lead the expedition - a position he had anxiously and diligently pursued. Burke was born in 1821 in County Galway, Ireland, to Protestant gentry. He was educated at Woolwich and served as a lieutenant in the Austrian cavalry and later in the Irish Mounted Constabulary before emigrating to Australia in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The Society chose William John Wills as the expeditions surveyor and astronomer and third-in-command behind camel master George James Landells. Wills was born in Devon, England in 1834 and trained in medicine. He emigrated to Australia in 1853 and after a short stint working as a shepherd at Deniliquin, New South Wales, he assisted in his fathers medical practice at Ballarat in Victoria.</p><br>
<p>The guidance from the Royal Society regarding the details of the expedition were unclear and it appeared from instructions presented to Burke on 16 August 1860, that he could travel in any direction he chose once he arrived at Cooper&#39;s Creek. However, there was pressure on Burke and Wills to hasten to the "centre" ahead of a rival South Australian group to be led by John McDouall Stuart, who was instructed to explore to the northwest across the continent.</p><br>
<p>Burke left Melbourne ahead of Stuart with a large party of men, stock and supplies. By the time he reached Menindee on the Darling River, it was obvious that the push north was going to be hampered by extreme summer weather and the slow speed of the drays carrying equipment and stores. Burke decided to establish a permanent camp there while waiting for the last of his equipment to arrive. Feeling that he had to continue north as quickly as possible, Burke left a party of men at Menindee and pressed on towards Coopers Creek with a reduced team of eight men. He arranged to have the rest of the team and stores moved up to Coopers Creek within three months.</p><br>
<p>On arrival at Coopers Creek, Burke decided to make a dash for the Gulf with Wills, Charles Gray and John King, before the wet season set in. This northern party was made up of Burke as party leader, Wills as second-in-command and astronomer, navigator and meteorologist, King as attendant to the partys camels, and Gray as camp organizer.</p><br>
<p>Following a line to the northeast of Stuarts proposed track, Burke and his team arrived at the Little Bynoe River on 11 February 1861. They were 57 days out from Coopers Creek and 13 days over the planned time. Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX became the most northern of their camps as mangroves blocked further progress to the Gulf. As they were running low on stores and concerned about meeting the remainder of the exploration party at Coopers Creek, Burke and Wills left Gray and King at Camp B/CXIX and pushed further north through the mangroves in an attempt to reach the Gulf of Carpentaria coast. However, after three days of difficult travel, they returned south picking up Gray and King at Camp B/CXIX. The explorers left little evidence of their stay on the Gulf except for 15 blazed Coolibah and Gutta-percha trees.</p><br>
<p>Most early Australian explorers marked their route of passage across the continent by blazing trees. Blazed trees identify the routes they travelled and the points along their route where they made important observations. Distinguishing markings were often cut within each blaze. The most common markings included the initials of the explorer, the date the blaze was made, and a unique number related to the progress of the expedition (e.g. the number "1" would be used to signify the location as camp number 1. Explorers were often directed by expedition organisers and sponsors on the configuration of the actual markings to be cut. B/CXIX signifies Burkes 119th camp. It was common for unique markings on blazed trees to be matched with entries made in explorers diaries and journals. In this manner, it is sometimes possible to gain an understanding of what occurred at a particular location when little physical evidence remains.</p><br>
<p>Between 14 February and 21 April 1861, the four men, with Gray sickening, struggled back towards Cooper&#39;s Creek on short supplies and with failing camels. Gray became ill suffering from pain in his head and limbs. His condition continued to deteriorate until he died on the morning of 17 April 1861.</p><br>
<p>Travel had been so slow that the team at Coopers Creek gave up hope after four months of waiting, and after burying messages and food at the foot of a tree, left the camp to go for help hours before Burke, Wills and King returned to the camp. Thinking they were alone and unaware of the buried supplies, the three men attempted to reach the nearest police station at Mount Hopeless in South Australia. However, the difficult terrain and the health of the explorers and their two remaining camels were so bad they were forced to remain along Coopers Creek, where both Burke and Wills died in late June. King was cared for by local Aboriginal people and survived until rescued by Alfred William Howitt&#39;s search party in mid-September 1861.</p><br>
<p>Apart from Howitt, others were sent to search for the lost explorers. One such person was Frederick Walker, who had already made several prospecting trips on behalf of pastoralists during 1860 and 1861. In late 1861, Walker led a party to find the Burke and Wills expedition. Walker established his own camp on a small seasonal lagoon and, during the subsequent four days, located Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX approximately three quarters of a mile away on the Little Bynoe River. Walkers party left several blazed trees in the vicinity of his campsite beside an overflow of the Little Bynoe River.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1860s, Liddle and Hertzer established Magowra Station, which encompassed Camp B/CXIX and Walker&#39;s nearby campsite. The township of Normanton, 35 kilometres from Camp B/CXIX, was established in 1864 as a port and service centre for the surrounding pastoral ventures and was declared a town in 1868.</p><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX and Walkers Camp remained "undiscovered" until 1909 when staff from Magowra Station found Walker&#39;s blazed trees and the blazed trees at Camp B/CXIX. JP Thomson, of the Queensland Geographical Society, published an article in the Queensland Geographical Journal 25th Session titled "Expedition to the Gulf of Carpentaria, 1909-10". Thomson located 15 blazed trees on this visit.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, David Hillian revisited the site and was able to relocate 10 blazed trees. Thomson&#39;s recorded Tree Number 9 is believed to have vanished in 1997 and Number 1 was destroyed in 1999. Tree Number 6 had also been removed to be housed in the Normanton Railway Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX and Walkers Camp are located 35 kilometres south-west of Normanton. They are about 2 kilometres south of the Normanton-Burketown Road and close to the Little Bynoe River. The sites are located above the waterline on small, seasonal overflows of the river.</p><br>
<p>Both campsites are accessible via the Burke and Wills Access Road, which runs south off the Normanton-Burketown Road. Both sites are located on unremarkable, dusty landscapes showing no evidence of the dramatic events that took place there. The Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX is marked by signs and memorials and enclosed by a graded track. Visitors are able to bring vehicles onto the site via this track.</p><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX is marked by the 10 remaining blazed trees made during the partys three day occupation of the site. These trees are located within the fringe of bush round the site and are not obviously tampered with. The blazing is unimposing but remains present on a number of trees at the camp sites. The fact that the blazes are not readily evident without examination has probably enabled most to survive.</p><br>
<p>Walkers Camp lies within an overflow of the Little Bynoe River. It is marked by a single blazed tree. A stainless steel plaque which reads "Walkers Camp, 8-12th Jan 1862 DNH 1998" has been fastened to the blazed tree. Visitors to this site need to walk through bush for about 500m to reach it.</p><br>
<p>Carpentaria Shire Council has completed significant signage and site protection work as part of funding received from the Community Memorial Restoration Program. Interpretative signage, bollards that protect the site and help restrict access, a protective shelter and a designated car park and access roads have all been installed on the site. None of these additions or alterations is of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX and Walkers Camp, Little Bynoe River was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 August 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX of 11–14 February 1861 and Walkers Camp of 8–12 January 1862, adjacent to the Bynoe River in the Gulf of Carpentaria, are important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history in that they reflect the nineteenth century interest in scientific exploration and the exploration of central and northern Australia. The Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX is the most northerly marked camp established during the expedition.</p><br>
<p>Burke and Wills&#39; Camp B/CXIX is important in demonstrating the pattern of exploration designed to "open up" the Australian continent for pastoralism. The process of pastoral expansion into a still largely unknown Gulf region of Queensland commenced soon after the expedition concluded, forever changing the region.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant to the broader Queensland and Australian community as a symbolic representation of the past in the present, providing tangible evidence of the Burke and Wills Expedition and the search effort by Walkers party that was made to locate the lost explorers. Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX is significant as a landmark.</p><br>
<p>The camps are also significant tangible evidence of the extent and degree to which the story of the Burke and Wills Expedition has affected the broader Queensland and Australian community.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The blazed trees on both the Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX and Walkers Camp sites, together with the "Dig Tree" at Coopers Creek, are rare surviving and tangible evidence of the ill-fated Burke and Wills Expedition, and also of Frederick Walkers search for the lost explorers.</p><br>
<p>The blazed trees are also rare in that they are still identifiable as belonging to an early exploration event and that they have also survived since 1861 in a remote and inhospitable landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The camps are significant in that they have the potential to yield additional archaeological evidence that may add to our store of knowledge about practices and processes of nineteenth century exploration in northern Queensland and Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place has research potential, especially if other campsites from the Burke and Wills expedition are located in the future, and therefore may enable a better understanding of the hardships endured on that expedition. The place may also yield information suitable for comparative analysis with camps associated with other exploration events.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX and Walkers Camp are significant in illustrating a principal characteristic of early exploration in Queensland - the marking of expedition campsites with blazes to record information for future travellers. The earliness, intactness, and rarity of these blazed trees makes this place an outstanding example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Burke and Wills Camp B/CXIX and Walkers Camp sites have a special association with the work of Robert O&#39;Hara Burke, William John Wills and Frederick Walker who were key figures in nineteenth century Australian and Queensland exploration.</p><br>
<p>Pasas or Panagia  is a small Greek island of the Oinousses complex in the Aegean Sea, located east of Oinousses, the largest island of the complex. Administratively, Pasas and the rest of the islands form the Oinousses municipality within the Chios regional unit.</p><br>
<p>With an area of 2.448 Km, it is the second largest island of the complex. According to 2011 census, the island is uninhabited, although a guard of lighthouse lives often there and a military garrison is permanently stationed on it. The most notable building on the island is the old lighthouse which was built in 1863 and has a height of 8.5 meters. Since 1995, the lighthouse has been converted to solar power and it keeps a permanent staff.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s name Pasas derives from the Ottoman-era term Pasha, while Panagia derives from the Greek name for Virgin Mary. In the Ottoman times, the island was also known as Koyun Adası.</p><br>
<h2>European migrant crisis</h2><br>
<p>During the European migrant crisis, Pasas has been in the frontline of Greek islands that have witnessed the arrival of immigrants from Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The island of Pasas features a lighthouse which from 1995 has been converted to solar power, a military building with a permanent army garrison, and a heliport.</p><br>
<p>The Tillson Farm Barn is an architecturally significant 19th-century barn on Warrenton Road in the Glen Cove area of Rockport, Maine. Probably built in the early 1880s, it is distinguished for its relatively elaborate Italianate decoration. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tillson Farm Barn stands on the south side of Warrenton Road, directly south of the head of Glen Cove, and northwest of the Riley School campus. It is a single-story rectangular wood-frame structure with a gabled roof, weatherboard exterior, and granite foundation. The roof is capped by two square cupolas, each of which has paired windows on each side, with chamfered corner posts and a bellcast hip roof. The front facade faces south (away from the road, from which it is screened by trees), and is dominated by a large tracked board-and-batten door with a transom window above. There are two sash windows above the door, with hooded moulding and cornices, and there is a decorative truss in the gable above, whose vertical member extends above the roof to form a sort of finial. The rake edge of the gable is adorned with modillions. The interior of barn, although utilitarian in nature, features turned posts and tongue-and-groove paneling in some of the stalls.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the barn was built was purchased by Davis Tillson in the late 1870s, and the barn is first listed on the tax rolls in 1886. (The house standing on the property nearby is a later structure not associated with the Tillsons.) Most of Maine&#39;s 19th-century agricultural barns have basically vernacular appearances, making this one particularly unusual for its elaborate decorative treatment.</p><br>
<p>Cloncurry Post Office is a heritage-listed post office at 47 Scarr Street, Cloncurry, Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Works Department and built in 1906. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cloncurry Post Office is a single storey timber building, which was built in 1906 and superseded an 1883 post office on site.</p><br>
<p>Land in the Cloncurry district was taken up by pastoralists from the mid-1860s. Access to artesian water from the 1890s enabled the grazing of sheep and cattle to flourish in what is essentially a semi-arid environment and pastoralism has been the major industry in this area.</p><br>
<p>Mining also proved a significant activity in the district, although a less stable one than pastoralism. Gold was first discovered in the area in 1867, and from the late 1860s through the last three decades of the 19th century, gold was found and mined throughout the district, although as a series of short lived fields. In 1867 Ernest Henry, often referred to as "the father of Cloncurry", discovered copper in the area, not far from the present town of Cloncurry, although the boom era for copper mining was not reached until the early twentieth century. The township of Cloncurry was established in the early 1870s to serve a remote and isolated area in the far north west of Queensland. It was officially designated a Country Post Office in 1871 and in June that year the first postmaster was appointed, operating from temporary accommodation. In 1872 a general store and a hotel were opened, forming the nucleus for a service township. Early transportation was by horse, bullock and camel teams. Mail contractors using pack horses operated mail runs along routes radiating from Cloncurry as the demand for postal services increased in subsequent years. Cloncurry prospered in the 1880s, when prices for pastoral produce remained buoyant and mining activity increased. The first Cobb & Co coach arrived in Cloncurry in 1884, and for almost a quarter of a century provided the district with both a passenger and a mail service in the absence of a railway. The Great Northern railway reached Cloncurry in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The first purpose-designed Cloncurry Post Office was a small timber building comprising an office and post master&#39;s quarters, erected in 1883. In that year Cloncurry Post Office was made a Money Order Office and an official electric telegraph station. The first telegraph lines connected Cloncurry with Aramac and Boulia. In 1888 a line was established between Cloncurry and Normanton, and in 1890 Cloncurry was linked to Camooweal and Urandangi. Cloncurry had police stationed in the town from 1870 and was designated a District Court Area in 1889. The first Court sat in 1900 and in 1906 became a designated District Court. This important function could not have been carried out without the means of rapid communication provided by the post and telegraph service.</p><br>
<p>In the first two decades of the 20th century, Cloncurry prospered with the boom in copper prices and the corresponding surge in copper mining activity in the district. In 1906 a new post office was designed for Cloncurry and erected at a cost of £1375/15/-. It was a large office building for post and telegraph functions, connected by a covered way to a separate postmaster&#39;s quarters. These were in the old post office, which was turned to face Scarr Street and moved behind the new building.</p><br>
<p>The new post office was a standard T17 type of timber post office, with a twin porch and gable, designed by the Queensland Works Department. These were erected throughout Queensland in the period 1906-1921, although post and telegraph services became an Australian Government responsibility after Federation. These buildings achieved a high standard of design and construction and architecturally, the T17 is the most significant of 20th century timber post office types for the quality of construction and detail, for the its resolution of climatic considerations, and for the visual appeal of its form. Many of the type have, however, been demolished or are no longer functional post offices. This post office has been extended at the side, the extension covering the area previously occupied by the old post office.</p><br>
<p>A new telephone exchange was opened at Cloncurry in 1912 and in the 1920s the establishment of QANTAS in 1922 and the Flying Doctor Service in 1929 at Cloncurry made the town an epicentre of the north-west. By the 1950s Cloncurry was a centre for mail, telephone and telegraph services for huge area from Normanton to Boulia and west to Camooweal. A brick extension to the post office was constructed in 1954 to house these services as well as the control station for north west Queensland&#39;s Auxiliary Radio network. This base was moved to Mount Isa in 1964 as that centre grew in importance.</p><br>
<p>The Cloncurry Post Office continues to operate as such.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a single storey timber building set on low stumps and located prominently on the corner of Scarr and Sheaffe Streets. The original section is symmetrical in form with a projecting gable over the main public area between twin porches, the roof for which was an extension of the main roof. The porches are reached by low sets of timber steps and have timber balustrading. The roof is hipped and clad in clad in corrugated iron. A later extension with a gable roof is connected to this building and continues the materials and detail of the original.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cloncurry Post Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cloncurry Post Office illustrates the development of Cloncurry and district in the early 20th century and has been the focus of services which played an important part in allowing this geographically isolated town to become a major regional centre.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a timber twin porch and gable post office building of the period 1906-1921, designed by the Queensland Works Department, and has aesthetic value which contributes significantly to the Cloncurry townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of a timber twin porch and gable post office building of the period 1906-1921, designed by the Queensland Works Department, and has aesthetic value which contributes significantly to the Cloncurry townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Cloncurry Post Office has had a long connection with the people of Cloncurry and the surrounding district as a provider of vital communication services which have been conducted from this site since 1883.</p><br>
<p>Glimmerstone is a historic mansion house on Vermont Route 131, west of the village center of Cavendish, Vermont. Built 1844-47, it is a distinctive example of Gothic Revival architecture, built using a regional construction style called "snecked ashlar" out of locally quarried stone flecked with mica. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Glimmerstone stands on the north side of Vermont 131, about 0.5 mi west of Cavendishs village center. It is a two-story stone structure, with a roughly L-shaped plan and a cross-gable roof configuration. The street-facing front is divided into four sections, the rightmost one projecting with a hooded gable and bay windows on the both levels. The second bay has a three-sash window group, with a steeply pitched gable dormer above, and the main entrance is in the third bay, sheltered by a gabled porch. All of the buildings gables are decorated with jigsawn vergeboard, and upper level windows set in gable dormers have Gothic-arched tops. Similar dormers and gables are found on the sides of the house, and a wood frame ell extends the house further to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1844-47 for Henry Fullerton, manager of the Black River Manufacturing and Canal Company mill in Cavendish. The stone from which it was built was quarried about 0.25 mi away, and hauled to the site by sledge in winter for construction in warmer weather. The construction style consists of stone facing on either side of rubble fill, with slabs sometimes laid across the fill to provide strength. This construction method, known in southern Vermont as "snecked ashlar", is believed to have been brought to the area by Scottish immigrant masons. The house&#39;s design is by a local carpenter, Lucius Paige, and is based on designs published by Andrew Jackson Downing.</p><br>
<p>Mount Elliott Company Metallurgical Plant and Mill is a heritage-listed smelting works via Sheaffe Street, Cloncurry, Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1926 to April 1927. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 June 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During 1924-25 the Mount Elliott Company and Hampden Cloncurry negotiated a scheme of amalgamation but this fell through when Mount Elliott acquired the Mount Cuthbert properties. In 1926 Hampden Cloncurry conceded defeat and offered its assets for sale by tender, most being acquired by Mount Elliott, who finally gained control of virtually the entire Cloncurry copper field and belatedly fulfilled William Henry Corboulds vision of 1909 for amalgamation. But it was too late: funds were exhausted and prices were low. The company decided to use the Henry Squarebrigs Mackays new process to utilise the low-grade ores of the district. This was a new form of electrolytic smelting.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 the company started building the first 1,000 ton per year unit of a large electro-chemical copper treatment plant at Cloncurry on the outskirts of the town adjacent to the Great Northern railway line. This comprised crushing, roasting furnace, leaching vats and a cell house section and was completed in April 1927. It was the first plant of its kind ever built and Mackay supervised its construction at Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>The 6m diameter Mackay modified wedge furnace had seven roasting and one drying hearths. The furnace was connected to a Wilson pressure-type gas producer, which delivered gas to the roasting furnace as fuel to roast the ore. The furnace plant was enclosed in a steel building 11m by 11m and 12m high. In the leaching plant there were two reinforced concrete tanks 9m by 18m by 3m deep and four reinforced concrete solution storage tanks 9m in diameter and 3m deep. The plant for the electrolytic deposition of copper from the leaching solutions was in a two-storey steel building, 15m by 18m and 13m high. On the second level there were 24 wooded tanks 3.7m long, lined with lead, and containing electrolytic cells, cathodes, and anode bars. On the ground level were three wooden solution circulating tanks.</p><br>
<p>The power plant was located 4.5m from the electrolytic plant and housed in a steel building 9m by 18m by 9m high, with the boiler in a separate building. The plant included a Babcock and Wilcox boiler with a 37m steel chimney stack. A Belliss and Morcom compound engine was directly connected to a 400 kW alternator. A spray cooling plant consisting of a concrete reservoir 18m by 18m and 1.5m deep with a series of spray pipes and nozzles operated from an electric centrifugal pump, was designed to cool 30,000 gallons of water an hour.</p><br>
<p>However, before the plant was actually commissioned, instructions were received from London to close down without even a trial run. Apparently, the £128,000 construction expenses had been too high and it was considered that the capacity was insufficient for profitability.</p><br>
<p>It has been asserted that the company had infringed a foreign patent, but cost factors may have influenced the decision to close the plant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place contains the remains of an electrolytic reduction plant comprising five groups of structures.</p><br>
<p>The primary crusher and ore dump group situated to the south comprise an ore dump site, earth loading ramp, concrete surfaces, tanks and building foundations. An iron flotation unit is located on the site (not in situ).</p><br>
<p>To the north are the concrete mounts and foundations of a wedge roasting furnace. These structures include a flue and iron chimney base and a vertical boiler alongside a concrete tank.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the west is a large concrete leaching vat 20m square and 3m in height, which was originally equipped with a gantry crane. The walls of the vat are supported by heavy concrete buttresses.</p><br>
<p>To the north are four circular leaching vats of concrete construction each 11m in width and 3m in height.</p><br>
<p>The northern group of structures is located alongside to south of the Cloncurry - Mount Isa railway. This group comprises concrete surfaces and foundations of the electrolytic works, a rendered brick flue and base of an iron chimney and three concrete tanks each approximately 15m by 1.5m in depth.</p><br>
<p>The fifth component of the site is the foundations of a former laboratory building, constructed with mud brick walls with cement render on exterior and interior surfaces.</p><br>
<p>Plant equipment at the site includes a vertical boiler (no brand) and flotation unit (not in situ) (no brand).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Elliott Company Metallurgical Plant and Mill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 June 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its construction testifies to the optimism held by the company for a centralised modern plant to service all their scattered ore reserves across the region.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Elliott Company Metallurgical Plant is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as the only recorded surviving evidence of an early electrolytic plant. The laboratory remnants associated with the plant are architecturally uncommon, being made of ant bed adobe bricks.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The process was Henry Squarebrigs Mackay&#39;s own invention and the plant was designed in London. It was the first plant of its kind ever built and Mackay supervised its construction at Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>The Chundi is a small river located in the western part of the Tanahun District of Nepal. It starts from around the Chandrawati Territory, which lies in Bhanu Municipality. Joined by several tributaries, it flows roughly 18 km in a north-to-south direction to its confluence with the River Marshyangdi near Bimalnagar. The river served as the border between Bhanu VDC and Barbhanjhyang VDC until 2015, when the two were merged to form Bhanu Municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Socioeconomic aspect</h2><br>
<p>The river has served as the source for irrigation in Chundi basin fields since antiquity. The well known Barah Kulo (Barah Canal) with its more than 150-year-long history maps the Chundi river water from Barah Bandh (a small water dam) to the Chundi Basin fields. The Barah Bandh is located (where?).</p><br>
<p>Many people including Manjhimen (Fishermen) use to fish in the river. Some sell them in the market while other fish for self.</p><br>
<p>The river has also served the purpose of bathing, washing clothes and many more for local civilization.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays due to increased population density, though the river has got little polluted in its lower parts, it still holds the dignity of crystal clear fresh water and has mesmerized many people those from heavily densed urban areas.</p><br>
<p>During monsoon (June–August) the river usually gains a very large size sometime reaching 10-15 times the non-monsoon annual average size, thus flooding into the surrounding lands. It thus cuts and wash away the nearby cultivable fields.</p><br>
<p>The Chundi Bridge sepabagicha which linked Barbhanjhyang and Bhanu VDC (located in Sepabagaicha) was annihilated by heavy flood in the year 1998, along with many other physical structures. Since then no major bridge has been constructed over here. Recently the Government has reported the completion of design of Chundi khola bridge sepabagaicha and has planned to start the work soon.</p><br>
<p>Mishaps: Two to three (on average) cases of drowning and death in the river is reported annually. The victims are usually the young children playing or swimming in the river.</p><br>
<h2>Historical aspect</h2><br>
<p>The first poet of Nepal, Aadikavi Bhanubhakta Acharya was born in Ramgha, Tanahun district. The name Ramgha is usually combined with Chundi thus becoming Chundi Ramgha. The river Chundi flows through the lower level lands of base of Ramgha while the high land Ramgha stands there smiling over Chundi. The poet Bhanu grew in the surroundings of Chundi and ramgha. Many books mention his birthplace as Chundi Ramgha.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries of Chundi</h2><br>
<p>Ladi khola and handi khola joins chundi near syauli. Sisneri and bagua khola joins Chundi near sepabagaicha. Garam Khola joins Chundi at Bariphant. The river Chundi joins the River Marshyangdi in Bimalnagar. (Incomplete).</p><br>
<h2>Bridges over Chundi</h2><br>
<p>1. Chundi Bridge Dumre (Dumre, 50 m)</p><br>
<p>2. Low bridge Bangeraha (Bangeraha, ? m)</p><br>
<p>3. Chundi bridge Sepabagaicha (Sepabagaicha, Under construction)</p><br>
<p>4. Jholunge Bridge (Bangeraha)</p><br>
<p>The Belle Plaine Main Street Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Belle Plaine, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. The historic district covers most of the city&#39;s central business district. Belle Plaine was laid out in 1862 as a railroad town. The Chicago & North Western Railroad was extended from Cedar Rapids the following year. The commercial district is adjacent to the tracks. A major fire destroyed much of the business district in 1894. Thirty-five buildings in the district were built in the months after the fire.</p><br>
<p>Commercial buildings dominate the district. They include the Sankot Motor Company (c. 1910), which is individually listed on the National Register. Also included in the district are the Pythian Castle (1895), Masonic Temple (1895), Odd Fellows Building (1906), two theaters, the former Hart Memorial Library (1931), the Chicago & North Western Railroad Depot and Freight House (1894), and the section of the tracks adjacent to the depot. The period of significance is from 1885 to 1960, and the buildings are constructed during that time frame. The Classical Revival and the Early Commercial architectural styles are dominant. Architect-designed buildings include the First National Bank (Charles A. Dieman; 1921), and the Hart Memorial Library (Charles B. Zalesky). Both architects were from Cedar Rapids.</p><br>
<p>The Central Vinton Residential Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Vinton, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Second Avenue retains its brick paving and it is the contributing structure. Vinton is the county seat of Benton County, and this is one of its most affluent neighborhoods. Because the town is a center of commerce and government, it started to grow in the mid-to-late-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Over 90% of the houses are frame construction, and the rest are brick. A large variety of popular late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural styles are represented in the district. They include: Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Queen Anne, Second Empire, Italianate, Neoclassical, Tudor Revival, American Foursquare, Colonial Revival, American Craftsman and Bungalows. The houses were largely built before 1930, with a few built after World War II. Three churches are also included in the district: First Baptist (Neoclassical; 1915), Presbyterian Church of Vinton (Neoclassical; 1913), and Faith Independent Baptist (Gothic Revival, c. 1920).</p><br>
<p>The Fulton Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located along 4th Street in downtown Fulton, Illinois. The district includes 31 contributing buildings as well as a war memorial and World War II gun; most of the buildings were historically used for commercial purposes. The earliest buildings in the district date to 1856, within the same decade as Fultons incorporation and the opening of its first railroad; the most recent, the citys fire station, was completed in 1956. The buildings completed prior to 1900, which make up roughly half of the district, primarily feature Italianate designs; noteworthy examples of the style include the Utz Block and the building at 1011-1013 4th Street. The district&#39;s 20th century buildings include examples of the Commercial, Classical Revival, and Modern styles.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 7, 2012.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cuthbert Township and Smelter is a heritage-listed mining camp north-west of Kajabbi Township, Three Rivers, Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as Kalkadoon Mine & Winding Plant, Mount Cuthbert Mine & Smelter, and Mount Cuthbert Township & Railway Formation. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 May 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ernest Henry discovered copper in the general vicinity of Mount Cuthbert in 1867, but it was not developed further at that time. John Chapman investigated Mount Cuthbert, Excelsior and Mighty Atom copper claims in 1900 on behalf of Melbourne investors. Mount Cuthbert assayed the best at 6.5%.</p><br>
<p>The decision by the Queensland Government to extend the Great Northern railway from Townsvill to beyond Richmond stimulated further exploration in 1905-06. In 1907 the Mount Cuthbert Company had capital of £240,000 and its mines included Mount Cuthbert, Kalkadoon, Mighty Atom, Orphan (near Dobbyn) and Little Wonder. The company had major financial problems from 1909 because of the lack of rail freight and had to reconstruct its capital holdings in 1912.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, with the price of copper soaring, the company spent £120,000 constructing smelters and had already sent away copper matte by horse teams before the Mount Cuthbert and Dobbyn railway reached the mine in September 1916. William Henry Corbould, who was appointed Mount Elliott mine manager in 1909 had a grand vision for rationalising the copper industry in the Cloncurry district but, while war delayed its implementation an arrangement was worked out with Mount Cuthbert whereby up to 150 tons of ore per day were to be treated at the Mount Elliott smelter at Selwyn until the Mount Cuthbert plant was completed. Then the situation would be reversed while Mount Elliott increased the capacity of its smelter. Accordingly, the Selwyn smelter ran for five months at the end of 1915 and into 1916 treating both companies&#39; ore, including 13,000 tons railed from Mount Cuthbert.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Cuthbert smelter was designed by W.H. Corbould, who was also a noted metallurgist and its completion was delayed because of the war. The blast furnaces were eventually fired early in 1917 and the initial operation treated over 25,000 tons of ore which produced 1,804 tons of copper worth £202,350. The Mount Cuthbert Company also invested in a new winding engine and headframe, 200 ton capacity ore bins, extensions to the blacksmith&#39;s shop and electricity connected to all the surface buildings. The old equipment was removed and reassembled at the Orphan mine.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cuthbert township was surveyed by the Queensland Mines Department in 1916, but the nearby mines had been worked from 1908 which might explain the close proximity of the settlement to the mines and therefore the smelter.</p><br>
<p>At its peak Mount Cuthbert township had two hotels, a cordial factory, two stores, three fruiterers, a photographer, butcher, baker, fancy goods/barber, hospital, police station, boarding house and two railway stations (Mount Cuthbert and Dollubeet). A post office operated from 1908 to 1927. The mining company officers were housed in timber cottages and a barracks, while the majority of residents lived in tents or small corrugated iron shacks with earth floors and stone hearths.</p><br>
<p>Teamsters supplied logs to the sawmill operating to supply mine timbers from 1913. A school opened in 1917 with 30 pupils taught by Miss E Stapleton. At one point in 1917 the town was reported on the verge of starvation due to problems with railway freight operations.</p><br>
<p>Today the township area contains about 60 discernible building remains and stone footings, and a commercial area near the railway on the eastern side of the settlement. A cellar, cement floor and ships tank baking oven indicate the site of the hotel, which reputedly was moved to Kajabbi where it still serves as the Kalkadoon Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The railway arrived at Mount Cuthbert in October 1915 after taking two years to construct the section north-east from Dugald River. The curving alignment passes through narrow gaps in ridge spurs and follows the Six Mile Creek. Its formation features embankments, cuttings and bridgeworks. Without the railway, production from the smelters was hampered due to exorbitant freight costs. There were two wayside sidings, Mount Cuthbert and the terminus, Dollubeet, at Kalkadoon.</p><br>
<p>The Kalkadoon mine is part of the Mount Cuthbert mine group, situated about 2 km north along the same geological formation. The earliest mineral lease to be granted in the Mount Cuthbert area was that of the Kalkadoon to Cuthbert Fetherstonhaugh of Cloncurry who took up 4.05 ha from 1 August 1899. This mine was mentioned by William Lees in 1906 as the "old mine" and it had already produced 300 tons of high grade ore.</p><br>
<p>It was further developed by the Mount Cuthbert Company from about 1907. By 1912 temporary pithead gear was in place: a winch and boiler and a headframe from Charters Towers was installed the next year. By 1916 the main shaft was down 107m. Ore mined at the Kalkadoon was smelted at Mount Cuthbert from 1917 and sent to Britain as prime blister copper. It is presumed that the mine closed in 1920 when smelting ceased at Mount Cuthbert. Its manager, J. Delaney, was a well known football player in the district.</p><br>
<p>In 1918 there was a fatal accident in the Mount Cuthbert mine at the 107m level. By 1919 the main shaft was down to 148m. In 1918 the Mount Cuthbert smelters treated 36,500 tons of ore until November when the crankshaft broke on the blower engine and closed the smelters after a record run. They were not refired until August 1919 and continued smelting copper until the price fell in 1920. The smelters shut down on 19 June 1920 after a final run of only 63 days.</p><br>
<p>The company was forced into raising capital in 1919 and attempted a further financial reconstruction in 1922. However, continued annual losses, low metal prices and pressing debenture commitments forced its liquidation in 1923. In 1925 the Mount Elliott Company purchased the Mount Cuthbert properties and plant for an undisclosed sum, certainly much less than the £500,000 valuation. The population rose from 50 in 1908, to a peak of 1,000 in 1918, then dropped to 750 in 1920 and to 400 in 1924, but Mount Cuthbert became a ghost town after the Mount Elliott Company bought the mine and plant in 1925.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 Mount Isa Mines bought the Mount Cuthbert smelters for £900 and plant and other machinery was railed through Cloncurry to Mount Isa&#39;s new copper smelter. The Kalkadoon was worked on tribute again in the 1960s before being abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Mount Cuthbert Smelter</h3><br>
<p>The place covers an extensive area of the Six Mile Creek valley with the main concentrations of features exceeding an area of 1 km (east- west) by 2 km (north-south). The smelter structure and a tranship stage form a closely integrated group of components. A large, well formed slag dump extends to the base of the smelter. The smelter remains are impressive, comprising three standing steel chimneys, blast furnace frame, elevated iron flues, flue dust bins, and two copper converters. The smelter floor is a raised earth platform with high concrete retaining walls each side. The blast furnace has been removed leaving the steel frame and furnace hood. Extending north-east of the smelter floor are the concrete foundations and earth bench surfaces of the power house. Storage hopper footings of a tranship stage are located along a rail spur line which terminates near the smelter floor. The tranship stage accommodates two rail alignments separated by a raised concrete platform. A line of reinforced concrete piers and headstocks remain standing as evidence of an elevated rail alignment.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Cuthbert Township and Railway Formation</h3><br>
<p>The railway spur line formation to Mount Cuthbert from Oona siding on the Kajabbi to Dobbyn railway line, generally follows the course of Six Mile Creek. Embankments, cuttings and bridgeworks occur through the range east of Mount Cuthbert. Sections of the railway formation now serve as the main access track. Timber sleepers survive on some sections where the formation has been bypassed. No bridges remain intact and all rails have been removed. Timber piers and stone pitched abutments of several bridges including the Six Mile Creek bridge east of Mount Cuthbert have survived. The formation passes through a series of curved cuttings and embankments on its final approach to the town. From a spur loop north of the smelter three rail formations are discernible to the smelter, tranship stage, and the Mount Cuthbert mine. The main formation turns north to Mount Cuthbert railway station by the Kalkadoon mine. The rail formation terminates about 400m north beyond the Kalkadoon. Surface evidence of the locations of the railway station building, platform and goods shed is still apparent on the east side of the formation.</p><br>
<p>On its final approach to Mount Cuthbert, the rail formation curves around the site of the township which is situated on a low rise east of the smelter. Surviving evidence of the main concentration of dwellings and commercial premises covers an area of 500m (east-west) by 400m (north-south). This area contains about 60 identifiable structural sites including stone fireplaces, stone-lined floor surfaces, retaining walls, and tank stands. The commercial precinct is clearly discernible by a grouping of cement rendered surfaces close to the railway on the eastern side of the settlement. A cellar, cement floor and ships tank bake-oven mark the site of a hotel. A smithy and stone yards are evident together with over six stores. Many smaller dwelling sites, some with stone fireplaces, are located on the western side of the township hill overlooking the mine and smelter. The company officer&#39;s housing precinct site is located away from the township to the north, in a small gully of Six Mile Creek between the smelter and the Kalkadoon mine.</p><br>
<h3>Kalkadoon Mine and Winding Plant</h3><br>
<p>The Kalkadoon is located on a hillside north of Mount Cuthbert smelter, overlooking Dollubeet railway siding and the railway terminus. The mine workings contain evidence of several periods of development. No surface evidence remains of the early main shaft that was serviced by the surviving winding plant. Two open cut workings are located either side of a recent open adit and shaft. Plant includes a winding engine on a concrete mount alongside a Cornish boiler. The winding engine retains asbestos lagged steam pipes. A second Cornish boiler is located (not in situ) in front of the winding plant. An egg-end air receiver tank is located between the winding plant and the early main shaft site.</p><br>
<p>The area immediately south of the plant has been extensively disturbed by bulldozing in recent months for use as a drilling pad. Likewise an area north of the winding plant. The remains of mullock dumps extend east from the early main shaft site and adjacent open cut workings. A stone fireplace and cement surface are located between the mullock and railway formation. A stone magazine is situated north of the mine close to a former siding area near the railway terminus.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Cornish boiler - no brand</p><br>
<p>Cornish boiler (not in situ) - no brand</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder twin drum steam winding engine - no brand</p><br>
<p>Air receiver tank (egg-ended) - no brand</p><br>
<p>3 Safety cages (not in situ).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Cuthbert Township and Smelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 May 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The town typifies the short-lived (1915–25), capital intensive, copper mining towns that developed rapidly and then ceased almost overnight.</p><br>
<p>The Kalkadoon mine is significant as the earliest and one of the most productive components of the Mount Cuthbert mining operation. It was functionally and physically linked by the railway to the Mount Cuthbert smelter. The place is located above the valley floor with views south over the smelter.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Corbould design of the blast furnace, flue and dust retainers at the Mount Cuthbert Smelter appears to be unique among similar smelters in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Kalkadoon Mine&#39;s winding plant, which is largely intact, is an atypical and now rare example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>In this case, the town&#39;s remote location and isolation have kept it relatively intact and preserved its archaeological values.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Mount Cuthbert township and railway is significant as it provides a tangible demonstration of the close physical relationships and linkages between the mine and smelter, with the railway and township. Although this pattern can be observed in other mining settlements such as Mount Mulligan or Kuridala, the location of the elements here is physically close and aesthetically pleasing. Mount Cuthbert Smelter is significant as the largest and most impressive early smelter remains in North Queensland. It is the last early phase smelter (1916–20) built in the Cloncurry district and - although among the least successful of the larger works - it has left the most structural evidence despite the stripping of its furnaces and parts to equip the new Mount Isa smelter in the 1940s. The works clearly demonstrate physical links with the company&#39;s mines - Mount Cuthbert, Kalkadoon, Mighty Atom and Orphan - and also with the adjacent township area and the rail route from Kajabbi. The extent, diversity and concentration of associated features are unrivalled.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The physical grouping of the smelter, slag dump, railway and township is unique. The natural environment of the Six Mile Creek valley is a most significant and distinguishing feature of the place giving it a picturesque setting. The place provides sweeping panoramas of the archaeology of early industry and settlement. The appearance of the smelter during the final approach along the railway cutting presents a reminder of the isolation of early mining settlements in remote regions of Australia. The current access to the town via the picturesque railway alignment further heightens the visitor&#39;s appreciation of the large-scale early mining venture in the wilderness.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Corbould design of the blast furnace, flue and dust retainers at the Mount Cuthbert Smelter appears to be unique among similar smelters in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Kuridala Township site is a heritage-listed mining camp in the locality of Kuridala, Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1880s to 1920s. It is also known as Hampden Township, Hampden Smelter, Kuridala Smelter, and Friezeland Township. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Copper was discovered at Kuridala in 1884 and the Hampden mine commenced during the 1890s. A Melbourne syndicate took over operations in 1897 and with increasing development of the mine in 1905-06 the Hampden Cloncurry Limited company was formed. The township was surveyed as Hampden in 1910 (later called Friezland, and finally Kuridala in 1916). The Hampden Smelter operated from 1911 to 1920 with World War I being a particularly prosperous time for the company. After the war the operations and the township declined and the Hampden Cloncurry company ceased to exist in 1928. Tribute mining and further exploration and testing of the ore body has continued from 1932 through to the present day.</p><br>
<p>The Kuridala Township and Hampden Smelter are located approximately 65 km south of Cloncurry and 345m above sea level, on an open plain against a background of rugged but picturesque hills.</p><br>
<p>The Cloncurry copper fields were discovered by Ernest Henry in 1867 but lack of capital and transport combined with low base metal prices precluded any major development. However, rising prices, new discoveries in the region and the promise of a railway combined with an inflow of British capital stimulated development. Additionally, Melbourne based promoters eager to develop another base metal bonanza like Broken Hill led to a resurgence of interest, especially in the Hampden mines.</p><br>
<p>The copper deposits at Kuridala (initially named Hampden) were discovered by William McPhail and Robert Johnson on their pastoral lease, Eureka, in January 1884. The Hampden mine was held by Fred Gibson in the 1890s and acquired in 1897 by a Melbourne syndicate comprising the "Broken Hillionaires" - William Orr, William Knox and Herman Schlapp. They floated the Hampden Copper Mines N. L. with a capital of £100,000 in £100 shares of which 200 were fully paid up.</p><br>
<p>A world price rise in copper in 1905 combined with a government decision in 1906 to extend the Great Northern railway (then connecting Townsville to Richmond) to Cloncurry, stimulated further development. The Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited was registered in Victoria in March 1906 to acquire the old companys mines. However, the company only had a working capital of £35,000 after distributing vendors shares and buying the Duchess mines. During this period there were over 20 companies investing similarly on the Cloncurry field.</p><br>
<p>The township was surveyed by the Queensland Mines Department around 1910 and was first known as Hampden after the mines discovered in the 1880s. By 1912 it was called Friezland, however was officially renamed Kuridala in October 1916 to minimise confusion with another settlement in Queensland. The reason for this change was considered to be linked to German names being unpopular at the outbreak of World War I.</p><br>
<p>Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited and its competitor, Mount Elliott, formed a special company in 1908 to finance and construct the railway extension from Cloncurry through Malbon, to Kuridala and Mount Elliott. The company reconstructed in July 1909 by increasing its capitalisation, and concluding arrangements for a debenture issue to be secured against its proposed smelters. Its smelters were not fired until March 1911 and over the next three years 85,266 tons of ore were treated with an initial dividend of £140,000 being declared in 1913. In one month in 1915 the Hampden Smelter produced 813 tons of copper, an Australian record at that time.</p><br>
<p>Concern over the dwindling reserves of high grade ore led to William Henry Corbould, the general manager of Mount Elliott mines, negotiating an amalgamation with Hampden Cloncurry to halt the fierce rivalry. But the latter was uninterested having consolidated its prospects in 1911 by acquiring many promising mines in the region, and enlarging its smelters and erecting new converters. In 1913, following a fire in the Hampden Consol&#39;s mine, Corbould convinced his London directors to reopen negotiations for a joint venture in the northern section of the field which still awaited a railway. Although Corbould and Huntley, the Hampden Cloncurry general manager, inspected many properties, the proposal lapsed.</p><br>
<p>The railway reached the township by 1910. A sanitary system was installed in 1911, after a four-month typhoid epidemic, and a hospital erected by 1913, run by Dr. Old.There were also drapers, fruiterer, butcher, baker, timber merchant, garage, four churches, police station, court house, post office, banks and a school with up to 280 pupils. A cyclone in December 1918 damaged the town and wrecked part of the powerhouse and smelter.</p><br>
<p>A comprehensive description of the plant and operations of the Kuridala Hampden mines and smelters was given by the Cloncurry mining warden in the Queensland Government Mining Journal of 14 September 1912. Ore from other company-owned mines (Duchess, Happy Salmon, MacGregor and Trekelano) was railed in via a 1.2 km branch line to the reduction plant bins, while the heavy pyrites ore from the Hampden mines was separated at the main shaft into coarse and fine products and conveyed to separate 1,500 ton capacity bins over a standard gauge railway to the plant.</p><br>
<p>A central power plant was installed with three separate Dowson pressure gas plants powered by three tandem type Kynoch gas engines of 320 hp and two duplex type Hornsby gas engines of 200 hp. Two Swedish General Electric Company generators of 1,250 kW and 56 kW running at 460 volts, supplied electricity to the machines in the works, fitting shops and mine pumps. Electric light for the mine and works was supplied by a British Thompson-Houston generator of 42 kW, running at 420 volts. The fuel used in the gas producers was bituminous coal, coke or charcoal, made locally in the retorts.</p><br>
<p>The reduction plant consisted of two water-jacket furnaces, 2.1m by 1m and 4.2m by 1m, with dust chambers and a 52m high steel stack. There were two electrically driven converter vessels, each 3.2m by 2.3m. The molten product ran into a 3.7m diameter forehearth, while the slag was drawn off into double ton slag pots, run to the dump over 3 foot gauge, 42 lb steel rail tracks. The copper was delivered from the forehearth to the converters. A 1.06m gauge track ran under the converters and carried the copper mould cars to the cleaning and shipping shed, at the end of which was the siding for railing out the cakes of blister copper.</p><br>
<p>The war conferred four years of prosperity on the Cloncurry district despite marketing, transport and labour difficulties. The Hampden Cloncurry Company declared liberal dividends during 1915-18: £40,000, £140,000, £52,500 and £35,000 making a total disbursement since commencing operations of £437,500. Its smelters treated over a quarter of a million tons of ore in this period, averaging over 70,000 tons annually. The company built light railways to its mines (e.g. Wee MacGregor and Trekelano) to ensure regular ore supplies and to reduce transport costs. In order to improve its ore treatment, Hampden Cloncurry installed a concentration plant in 1917. In 1918 an Edwards furnace was erected to pre-roast fine sulphide concentrates from the mill before smelting.</p><br>
<p>The dropping of the copper price control by the British government in 1918 forced the company into difficulties. Smelting was postponed until September 1919 and the company lost heavily during the next season and had to rely on ores from the Trekelano mine. Its smelter treated 69,598 tons of ore in 1920, but the company was forced to halt all operations after the Commonwealth Bank withdrew funds on copper awaiting export.</p><br>
<p>Companies and mines turned to the Theodore Labor Government for assistance but they were unsympathetic to the companies, even though they alone had the capacity to revive the Cloncurry field. More negotiations for amalgamation occurred in 1925 but failed, and in 1926 Hampden Cloncurry offered its assets for sale by tender and Mount Elliott acquired them all except for the Trekelano mine. The company was de-listed in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The rise and decline of the township reflected the companys fortunes. In 1913 there were 1,500 people increasing to 2,000 by 1920, but by 1924 this had declined to 800. With the rise of Mount Isa, Kaisers bakehouse, the hospital, courthouse, one ice works and picture theatre, moved there in 1923 followed by Boyds&#39; Hampden Hotel (renamed the Argent) in 1924. Other buildings including the police residence and Clerk of Petty Sessions house were moved to Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>In its nine years of smelting Hampden Cloncurry had been one of Australias largest mining companies producing 50,800 tons of copper (compared with Mount Elliotts 27,000), 21,000 ounces of gold and 381,000 ounces of silver. A more permanent achievement was its part in creating the metal fabricating company, Metal Manufacturers Limited, of which it was one of the four founders in 1916. Much of the money which built their Port Kembla works into one of the country&#39;s largest manufacturers came from the now derelict smelters in north-west Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 1942 Mount Isa Mines bought the Kuridala Smelters for £800 and used parts to construct a copper furnace which commenced operating in April 1943 in response to wartime demands. The Tunny family continued to live at Kuridala as tributers on the Hampden and Consol mines from 1932 until 1969 and worked the mines down to 15.25m. A post office operated until 1975 and the last inhabitant, Lizzy Belch, moved into Cloncurry about 1982.</p><br>
<p>Further exploration and testing of the Kuridala ore body has occurred from 1948 up until the present with activities being undertaking by Mount Isa Mines, Broken Hill South, Enterprise Exploration, Marshall and James Boyd, Australian Selection, Kennecott Exploration, Carpentaria Exploration, Metana Minerals, A.M. Metcalfe, Dampier Mining Co Ltd, Newmont Pty Ltd, Australian Anglo American, Era South Pacific Pty Ltd, CRA Exploration Pty Ltd, BHP Minerals Ltd, Metana Minerals and Matrix Metals Ltd).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Town area</h3><br>
<p>The township site, with surviving foundations and archaeological evidence of commercial and residential buildings and activities, covers an area of approximately 1.5 km (north-south) by 1.2 km (east- west). The surveyed town site runs roughly parallel with, and on the eastern side of, the Hampden line of reef. Evidence of commercial buildings is present in the south-west corner of the town site between a stock bore east of the Hampden Consol chimney and an early town well. Foundations and concrete surfaces remain for the bakery, hotel/store, and butchers shop and other unidentified premises. The skating rink, police station, mine managers house and hospital have also been identified archaeologically. Residential sites generally appear as cleared earth surfaces with ironstone or white quartz edging. The hospital site is located on a small hill to the east and contains a large iron water tank base and cast iron oven. A wide range of domestic artefacts are in evidence across the town area. These include food containers such as glass bottles, ceramic tableware, and metal tins for products from kerosene and matches to sardines and tobacco.</p><br>
<h3>Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The cemetery is situated towards the southern end of the site, west of the Hampden line of reef. The cemetery is clearly marked and was re- fenced in 1988-89. There are two gazetted cemetery reserves adjacent to the township (Lots 3SW23 and 5SW25). The actual cemetery is located 400m east of Lot 5SW25, and is not located within the boundaries of either of the gazetted cemetery areas. There are over 360 graves which can be identified in the cemetery consisting of 18 rows with 20 graves per row. Many graves have headstones with 40 being marked and dating from 1909 to 1920. Most headstones are by Melrose and Fenwick, Townsville. Some graves have railings but lack identification of the person buried. Many grave boundaries are marked by early 20th Century cast iron beds with full or half testers. Smaller framed beds denote childrens or infants&#39; graves. Several grave crosses have been fashioned from kerosene tins. Several graves were noted in 1989 as having dilapidated wooden surrounds. Other graves are visible only from soil disturbance, while it is possible there are still others which are not so clearly visible.</p><br>
<h3>Railway station and railway line</h3><br>
<p>The railway station site is immediately north of the cemetery at the junction of the smelter spur line. The station office is identified by a cement rendered surface with other foundations and tank bases within a 30m radius. Timber sleepers are still in place along sections of the railway formation. Embankments and cuttings still identify the route of the Cloncurry-Kuridala railway line and there is a wide range of archaeological material associated with the station and the line still present.</p><br>
<h3>Other settlement and industrial sites</h3><br>
<p>A wide range of other settlement sites outside the confines of the planned township occur across the landscape. There is an apparent randomness to the sites; however it is likely that there was far more method in site selection than is presently apparent. Examples of these sites include deposits of bottle glass, ceramic vessel fragments, metal artefacts, bricks and other domestic material.</p><br>
<h3>Smelter</h3><br>
<p>The remains of the smelter-works includes a blast furnace, concrete engine mounts and an iron chimney. A large, well-formed slag dump extends northward from the smelter. Adjacent to the furnace is a second iron chimney, powerhouse foundations and roasting furnace. The steel plate chimneys and parts of the smelter are all heavily rusted and the foundations are showing signs of heavy cracking.</p><br>
<h3>Mine areas</h3><br>
<p>Foundations and remnants of four early mines occur along the north- south line of the Hampden reef. Northern-most is the Hampden No. 2 containing a multi-tube boiler, beam pump and waster material. Logs remain at the former sawmill site south of Hampden No. 2. Further south and about 200m east of the smelter is the Hampden No.1 mine and plant foundations at the base of a high tailings dump. This mine contains the largest group of foundations including crusher and winch mounts. A beam pump arm is located at the collar of the main shaft. Further south, at the Hampden No. 3 shaft, remains include a headframe, winder house, waste heaps and boiler on a brick mounting. The bricks are manufactured from slag demonstrating an innovative and rare use of recycled slag. The Hampden Consol mine to the south retains an iron chimney on a rendered brick base which is inscribed AD 1913. Evidence at the site includes engine house remains, foundations and waste heaps. Other shafts and underground operations are likely to remain where there is the existence of shafts and levels. These remnants are likely to provide useful information on tunnelling techniques, the use of pit props, and design of ore hauling mechanisms.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 12 June 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex has the potential to reveal important information about Queensland&#39;s history including a better understanding of copper mining practices and the pattern of settlement in North Queensland. The Kuridala complex was one of the first of a cluster of significant copper mining interests in the rich mineral field near Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex features extensive archaeological evidence relating to a wide range of mining activities. The early smelter works are the most complete works of this type in North Queensland. The Hampden Smelter is equipped with a rare, early water-jacket blast furnace, which is now unique as the only surviving example of its type in Queensland. A large, intact and well-formed slag dump at the site is second only in size to the dump at Chillagoe smelters. Archaeological examination of the smelter works will provide an understanding of the technology and practices in early copper processing in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations of the township area of Kuridala will provide answers to a range of questions relating to the social dynamics of the community and its establishment, development, interaction, and decline. Analysis of the archaeological artefacts particularly in domestic contexts will provide information on issues such as ethnicity, gender and the daily lives of the residents of Kuridala. The remains of the township will provide information on the pattern and spatial organisation of the settlement, and have the potential to answer questions about the isolation and integration of communities and of community identity. An understanding of the collective experiences of isolated mining communities may also be gained through further research into the site, particularly given the level of intra-site complexity.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery, one of the largest with mining associations in North Queensland, has the potential to provide further information about the community. Analysis of the types and styles of burials and grave markers, the layout and organisation of the cemetery, and the information from the grave markers about those individuals buried, has the potential to reveal information on such research questions as ethnicity, religion and social division within the community. Archaeological analysis of the remains of those buried in the cemetery also has the potential to reveal details of the health and living conditions of the residents of the township.</p><br>
<p>Given the isolated nature of the community and its distance from established centres of regulation, examination of the archaeological evidence may shed light on disparities between what was regulated or documented and what actually occurred at the site. For example, as identified during previous archaeological surveys of the site in 1989 and 1995, the town plan shows neat streets to the east of the mines and smelter and southwest of the Hampden consol, but the archaeological evidence shows domestic settlement extending to the south, in isolated pockets to the north of the smelter and west of the mines.</p><br>
<p>The association of the township and industrial areas at the Kuridala complex also provides for comparative and complementary research into other copper mining operations with associated township remains in North Queensland, including Mount Cuthbert Township and Kalkadoon Mine and Mount Elliott Smelter and Selwyn Township.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations at the former Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex also have potential to answer important research questions including but not limited to labour relations, class, and capitalism.</p><br>
<p>Booth Wood Reservoir is a man-made upland reservoir that lies north of the M62 motorway and south of the A672 road near to Rishworth and Ripponden in Calderdale West Yorkshire, England. The reservoir was approved for construction in 1966 and completed in 1971. It supplies water to Wakefield.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir dams the Booth Dean Clough watercourse and takes water directly from the surrounding moorland. It has a plain concrete crest on the dam head which is straight and extends to a length of 350 m and a height of 48 m.</p><br>
<p>In 1995 a long dry spell in the summer created a larger than normal abstraction of water from Booth Wood creating the need to transport water into the reservoir as stocks ran very low. Road tankers carrying fresh water were despatched from Selby in North Yorkshire and Kielder Water in Northumberland to bring water for offloading at Booth Wood. At the height of the operation, 700 tankers delivered 70,000 litres of water a day to the reservoir which then fed other reservoirs in West Yorkshire.</p><br>
<p>On 14 August 2016, the A672 road which runs along the northern edge of the reservoir was closed whilst police searched for a driver and car that had plunged off the road and into the reservoir. The driver was believed to be the only person in the car and the search operation involved helicopters and underwater divers. The search resumed the next day when a man&#39;s body was recovered.</p><br>
<p>The Aydıntepe underground city  is an ancient underground city in Aydıntepe district of Bayburt Province, Turkey. It is located 25 km northwest of Bayburt beneath a residential area.</p><br>
<p>Discovered by coincidence during excavation works for a building construction in 1988, -to some sources in 1998– the underground city at Aydıntepe features chambers, halls and hallways carved out of volcanic tufa rock formation without using building materials. It is situated 2 - under the surface. The chambers and the halls are connected with 1 m-wide and 2 m-high hallways stretching over about 1 km in length. There are eight conical shafts over the hallways, which are believed to be for observation or ventilation purposes.</p><br>
<p>A round rock piece of 1.5 m diameter stands as a door at the entrance to close the underground city from the outer world when needed. The tombs above the underground city and the wall figures inside it point out to a history of three millenniums including the Late Roman or early Byzantine era. It was used by Christians as well as by Muslims. Inside the underground city, there are cellars, storage rooms, water source and pool.</p><br>
<p>The site was archaeologically researched, and was put under protection by the Cultural and Natural Heritage Preservation Board in 2008. About 850 m long part of the underground city covering an area of 1,200 m&sup2; is open to the public for visit.</p><br>
<p>The Gen. Davis Tillson House is a historic house at 157 Talbot Avenue in Rockland, Maine. Built in 1853, it is one of the region&#39;s finest examples of residential Gothic Revival architecture, and is unusual statewide for its execution in brick. It was built for Davis Tillson, a militia general during the American Civil War and a prominent local businessman, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tillson House stands on the north side of Talbot Avenue, in a rural residential area west of downtown Rockland. It is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a gabled roof, brick walls, and wooden trim. The gables are steep, in the Gothic Revival tradition, and the main end gables as well as dormer gables are decorated with jigsawn vergeboard. The front facade is six bays wide, with the right three in a projecting gabled section. Two of that gables bays are recessed, forming a porch with Gothic columns, and the gable edge extends to a crested railing above the first floor. Most windows are sash, with granite sills and lintels; windows near the gable peaks have Gothic-arched tops and granite sills.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1853, and is the only major example of the Gothic Revival in Rockland. The house was built for Brigadier General Davis Tillson, who led Maine volunteer militia in the American Civil War, seeing action at Cedar Mountain and elsewhere. Tillson was also a prominent local businessman, owning some of Rockland&#39;s lime manufactories, and building its large city wharf.</p><br>
<p>The USA Customhouse and Post Office is a historic former federal government building on Main Street in Waldoboro, Maine. Built 1855-57, it is a fine local example of civic Italianate architecture. For much of the 20th century it housed the Waldoboro Public Library. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Waldoboro Customhouse stands in downtown Waldoboro, on the north side of Main Street just west of the Waldo Theatre. It is a two-story brick building, with a hip roof and painted brick exterior. Its exterior is distinguished by the large round-arch openings housing the windows and doors, the metal balcony spanning much of the front facade, and the elaborate cornice.</p><br>
<p>The Waldoboro customs district was established in 1799 and abolished in 1913, and encompassed ports in both Knox and Lincoln counties. Its original customhouse was a wood-frame structure, which was destroyed by fire in 1854. This building, its replacement, was built in 1855-57 to a design by Ammi B. Young the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department. It is one of Young&#39;s smaller designs, but highlights his emphasis on Italianate styling and the use of fire-resistant materials throughout. After the customs district was abolished, the building was adapted for use by the Waldoboro Public Library, in which role it served when the building was listed on the National Register in 1974. The library has since moved to new quarters elsewhere on Main Street.</p><br>
<p>Bearnstow is a summer camp on Parker Pond in Mount Vernon, Maine. The camp offers weeklong and day programs for adults and children, with an emphasis on appreciation of nature through the arts and sciences. Founded in 1946, the camp occupies 65 acre on the east side of the pond, and is centered on the former Spruce Point Camps, whose facilities, built in the 1920s and 1930s, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>Bearnstow occupies 65 acres of mostly wooded landscape between Ithiel Gordon Road and the eastern shore of Parker Pond in westernmost Mount Vernon. The centerpiece of the camp is a 12 acre, where most of its infrastructure is located. Its facilities include a main lodge and dining hall near one another and the lakeshore, with camp cabins sprinkled through the woods along the shore to the north and south. Near the central facilities are rock ledges facing the water, and there is a beach further south. A small outdoor performance space is located inland near the main parking area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The core property was first developed as a private summer retreat around the turn of the 20th century, with the building that is now the main lodge already standing when the property was sold in 1906. It was developed as a summer sporting camp in the mid-1910s, with the construction of four cabins just south of the lodge. By 1922 additional cabins had been built, and the dining hall was also added about 1922. Later facilities include an employee cabin, wood shed, and toolhouse (by 1938) and the stable (1956). The outdoor performance space is an adaptive reuse of a level area that previously served as a tennis court.</p><br>
<p>The camp was opened in 1915 as a fishing camp by Charles Stevens, a carpenter from Fayette. He sold the property in 1922 to Webster Chester, a professor at Colby College, who operated the camp until 1938. It closed in 1940 for the duration of World War II, and was reopened under new ownership as Bearnstow in 1945.</p><br>
<p>The Goulds Mill Bridge is a historic Baltimore through truss bridge, carrying Paddock Street across the Black River in Springfield, Vermont. The bridge was built by the Boston Bridge Works Company in 1929 after major flooding in 1927, and is one of the states few examples of a Baltimore truss. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gould&#39;s Mill bridge stands in the village of Goulds Mill, south of the main village center of Springfield, and a short way west of the Eureka Schoolhouse. The bridge is a single-span steel Baltimore through truss structure, resting on concrete abutments. The span is 160 ft, with a roadway width of 23 ft and a portal clearance of 18 ft. The Baltimore truss is a variant of the Pratt truss in which extra vertical members are added to the lower sections of each panel. The bridge carries two lanes of traffic and the Toonerville Rail Trail, and was last rehabilitated in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1929, replacing a railroad bridge that was washed away in Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods. The bridge has asymmetrical elements in its truss panels, due in part to its original use as a railroad bridge; this early use also mandated its skewed alignment across the river, to accommodate the rails of the Springfield Terminal Railway Company, whose route is now taken by the rail trail. It was also built for heavier loads than road bridges due to the weight of railroad engines and cargos. At the time of its listing on the National Register in 2006, it was one of two Baltimore trusses in use as a highway bridge in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Steyer Bridge is a historic structure located on the west side of Decorah, Iowa, United States. This is one of the few stone arch bridges that continue to exist in Iowa. It was constructed by local stonemason Michael Steyer over Twin Springs Creek in 1875. Steyer emigrated from Germany in 1867, and settled in Decorah. His brother Joseph was the proprietor of the Steyer Opera House in town. Compared to other stone bridges in the state, this one is less sophisticated and is a good example of vernacular engineering. It is a small structure that consists of a single arch that is formed by rough-cut limestone voussoirs. The keystone is a block of dressed limestone with Steyer&#39;s name and the date "1875" carved on it. The spandrels and the walls that form the foundation for the approaches to the bridge consist of coursed rubble limestone. The base of the walls and the lower edges of the arch were reinforced with concrete in the 1970s. The concrete bridge deck is edged with wooden posts. When USA Route 52 was relocated to this area in the early 1970s, the Steyer Bridge was scheduled to be removed, but local protests saved it and the highway bridge built over it. The bridge listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Oak Bay is the northernmost section of Passamaquoddy Bay, into which the St. Croix River empties. Its extent fluctuates with the Bay of Fundy tidal changes, so that its northern section changes from approximately 30 ft in depth at high tide to exposed ocean floor at low tide.</p><br>
<p>Oak Bay has a unique pool and manmade estuary caused by the creation of a causeway on Route 170. As a result, the easternmost section of the waterbody was split from Passamaquody Bay, connected only by four culverts which prevent the water from completely emptying during tidal changes. This pool is also fed by a small freshwater river on its northeastern border and thus experiences only a relatively minor height difference.</p><br>
<p>Located in the centre of the bay is Spoon Island, so named because of its resemblance to an overturned spoon.</p><br>
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<p>American Bay  is a waterway on Dall Island in the U.S. state of Alaska.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This bay indents the Dall Island shore a little more than 1 mile in a general southwest by south direction, with a width of about .5 mile. On the north side of the bay, .25 mile within the entrance, is a group of four wooded islets, called Hay Islets, connected with each other and with the shore at low water. Southwest of them is Anchorage Cove, where good anchorage may be found in 15 fathoms. The shores of American Bay are free from dangers, and the water, particularly on the south side, is deep. A trading post of the Northwest Trading Company was formerly located on this bay; the buildings were still visible in 1891. Northeast of the northern entrance point of American Bay, is a shoal patch measuring from 9 to 16 fathoms. Immediately opposite the entrance to American Bay a reef, showing at low water, extends nearly 1 cable to the southwest from the Long Island shore with deep water close-to. How-Kan Narrows, a name given by local navigators to the contracted passage lying .75 mile above American Bay is about .5 mile wide.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>A deposit of schistose marble was reported on the south side of American Bay. The deposit is more than 500 yards wide, stands about vertical, strikes east, and is mostly covered by moss and timber. The marble is both fine and coarse grained and contains mica.</p><br>
<p>Mount Elliott Mining Complex is a heritage-listed copper mine and smelter at Selwyn, Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by William Henry Corbould and built in 1908. It is also known as Mount Elliott Smelter and Selwyn. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 September 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Elliott Mining Complex is an aggregation of the remnants of copper mining and smelting operations from the early 20th century and the associated former mining township of Selwyn. The earliest copper mining at Mount Elliott was in 1906 with smelting operations commencing shortly after. Significant upgrades to the mining and smelting operations occurred under the management of W.H. Corbould during 1909-1910. Following these upgrades and increases in production, the Selwyn Township grew quickly and had 1500 residents by 1918. The Mount Elliott Company took over other companies on the Cloncurry field in the 1920s, including the Mount Cuthbert and Kuridala/Hampden smelters. Mount Elliott operations were taken over by Mount Isa Mines in 1943 to ensure the supply of copper during World War Two. The Mount Elliott Company was eventually liquidated in 1953.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Elliott Smelter</h3><br>
<p>The existence of copper in the Leichhardt River area of north western Queensland had been known since Ernest Henry discovered the Great Australia Mine in 1867 at Cloncurry. In 1899 James Elliott discovered copper on the conical hill that became Mount Elliott, but having no capital to develop the mine, he sold an interest to James Morphett, a pastoralist of Fort Constantine station near Cloncurry. Morphett, being drought stricken, in turn sold out to John Moffat of Irvinebank, the most successful mining promoter in Queensland at the time.</p><br>
<p>Plentiful capital and cheap transport were prerequisites for developing the Cloncurry field, which had stagnated for forty years. Without capital it was impossible to explore and prove ore-bodies; without proof of large reserves of wealth it was futile to build a railway; and without a railway it was hazardous to invest capital in finding large reserves of ore. The mining investor or the railway builder had to break the impasse.</p><br>
<p>In 1906-1907 copper averaged £87 a ton on the London market, the highest price for thirty years, and the Cloncurry field grew. The Great Northern railway was extended west of Richmond in 1905-1906 by the Queensland Government and mines were floated on the Melbourne Stock Exchange. At Mount Elliott a prospecting shaft had been sunk and on 1 August 1906 a Cornish boiler and winding plant were installed on the site.</p><br>
<p>Mount Elliott Limited was floated in Melbourne on 13 July 1906. In 1907 it was taken over by British and French interests and restructured. Combining with its competitor, Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited, Mount Elliott formed a special company to finance and construct the railway from Cloncurry to Malbon, Kuridala (then Friezeland) and Mount Elliott (later Selwyn). This new company then entered into an agreement with the Queensland Railways Department in July 1908.</p><br>
<p>The Selwyn railway, which was known as the "Syndicate Railway", aroused opposition in 1908 from the trade unions and Labor movement generally, who contended that railways should be State-owned. However, the Hampden-Mount Elliott Railway Bill was passed by the Queensland Parliament and assented to on 21 April 1908; construction finished in December 1910. The railway terminated at the Mount Elliott smelter.</p><br>
<p>By 1907 the main underlie shaft had been sunk and construction of the smelters was underway using a second-hand water-jacket blast furnace and converters. At this time, W.H. Corbould was appointed general manager of Mount Elliott Limited.</p><br>
<p>The second-hand blast furnace and converters were commissioned or "blown in" in May 1909, but were problematic causing hold-ups. Corbould referred to the equipment in use as being the "worst collection of worn-out junk he had ever come across". Corbould soon convinced his directors to scrap the plant and let him design new works.</p><br>
<p>Corbould was a metallurgist and geologist as well as mine/smelter manager. He foresaw a need to obtain control and thereby ensure a reliable supply of ore from a cross-section of mines in the region. He also saw a need to implement an effective strategy to manage the economies of smelting low-grade ore. Smelting operations in the region were made difficult by the technical and economic problems posed by the deterioration in the grade of ore. Corbould resolved the issue by a process of blending ores with different chemical properties, increasing the throughput capacity of the smelter and by championing the unification of smelting operations in the region. In 1912, Corbould acquired Hampden Consols Mine at Kuridala for Mount Elliott Limited, followed with the purchases of other small mines in the district.</p><br>
<p>Walkers Limited of Maryborough was commissioned to manufacture a new 200 ton water jacket furnace for the smelters. An air compressor and blower for the smelters were constructed in the powerhouse and an electric motor and dynamo provided power for the crane and lighting for the smelter and mine.</p><br>
<p>The new smelter was blown in September 1910, a month after the first train arrived, and it ran well, producing 2040 tons of blister copper by the end of the year. The new smelting plant made it possible to cope with low-grade sulphide ores at Mount Elliott. The use of 1000 tons of low-grade sulphide ores bought from the Hampden Consols Mine in 1911 made it clear that if a supply of higher sulphur ore could be obtained and blended, performance and economy would improve. Accordingly, the company bought a number of smaller mines in the district in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Corbould mined with cut and fill stoping but a young Mines Inspector condemned the system, ordered it dismantled and replaced with square set timbering. In 1911, after gradual movement in stopes on the No.3 level, the smelter was closed for two months. Nevertheless, 5447 tons of blister copper was produced in 1911, rising to 6690 tons in 1912 - the company&#39;s best year. Many of the surviving structures at the site were built at this time.</p><br>
<p>Troubles for Mount Elliott started in 1913. In February, a fire at the Consols Mine closed it for months. In June, a thirteen-week strike closed the whole operation, severely depleting the workforce. The year 1913 was also bad for industrial accidents in the area, possibly due to inexperienced people replacing the strikers. Nevertheless, the company paid generous dividends that year.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1914 smelting ceased for more than a year due to shortage of ore. Although 3200 tons of blister copper was produced in 1913, production fell to 1840 tons in 1914 and the workforce dwindled to only 40 men. For the second half of 1915 and early 1916 the smelter treated ore railed south from Mount Cuthbert. At the end of July 1916 the smelting plant at Selwyn was dismantled except for the flue chambers and stacks. A new furnace with a capacity of 500 tons per day was built, a large amount of second-hand equipment was obtained and the converters were increased in size.</p><br>
<p>After the enlarged furnace was commissioned in June 1917, continuing industrial unrest retarded production which amounted to only 1000 tons of copper that year. The point of contention was the efficiency of the new smelter which processed twice as much ore while employing fewer men. The company decided to close down the smelter in October and reduce the size of the furnace, the largest in Australia, from 6.5m to 5.5m. In the meantime the price of copper had almost doubled from 1916 due to wartime consumption of munitions.</p><br>
<p>The new furnace commenced on 16 January 1918 and 77,482 tons of ore were smelted yielding 3580 tons of blister copper which were sent to the Bowen refinery before export to Britain. The smelter had a good run for almost a year except for a strike in July and another in December, which caused Corbould to close down the plant until New Year. In 1919, following relaxation of wartime controls by the British Metal Corporation, the copper price plunged from about £110 per ton at the start of the year to £75 per ton in April, dashing the company&#39;s optimism regarding treatment of low grade ores. The smelter finally closed after two months operation and most employees were laid off.</p><br>
<p>For much of the period 1919 to 1922, Corbould was in England trying to raise capital to reorganise the company&#39;s operations but he failed and resigned from the company in 1922. The Mount Elliott Company took over the assets of the other companies on the Cloncurry field in the 1920s - Mount Cuthbert in 1925 and Kuridala in 1926. Mount Isa Mines bought the Mount Elliott plant and machinery, including the three smelters, in 1943 for £2,300, enabling them to start copper production in the middle of the Second World War. The Mount Elliott Company was finally liquidated in 1953.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 A.E. Powell took up the Mount Elliott Reward Claim at Selwyn and worked close to the old smelter buildings. An open cut mine commenced at Starra, south of Mount Elliott and Selwyn, in 1988 and is Australia&#39;s third largest copper producer producing copper-gold concentrates from flotation and gold bullion from carbon-in-leach processing.</p><br>
<p>Profitable copper-gold ore bodies were recently proved at depth beneath the Mount Elliott smelter and old underground workings by Cyprus Gold Australia Pty Ltd. These deposits were subsequently acquired by Arimco Mining Pty Ltd for underground development which commenced in July 1993. A decline tunnel portal, ore and overburden dumps now occupy a large area of the Maggie Creek valley south-west of the smelter which was formerly the site of early miner&#39;s camps.</p><br>
<h3>Selwyn Township</h3><br>
<p>In 1907, the first hotel, run by H. Williams, was opened at the site. The township was surveyed later, around 1910, by the Queensland Mines Department. The town was to be situated north of the mine and smelter operations adjacent the railway, about 1.5 km distant. It took its name from the nearby Selwyn Ranges which were named, during Burke&#39;s expedition, after the Victorian Government Geologist, Alfred Richard Cecil Selwyn. The town has also been known by the name of Mount Elliott, after the nearby mines and smelter.</p><br>
<p>Many of the residents either worked at the Mount Elliott Mine and Smelter or worked in the service industries which grew around the mining and smelting operations. Little documentation exists about the everyday life of the town&#39;s residents. Surrounding sheep and cattle stations, however, meant that meat was available cheaply and vegetables grown in the area were delivered to the township by horse and cart. Imported commodities were, however, expensive.</p><br>
<p>By 1910 the town had four hotels. There was also an aerated water manufacturer, three stores, four fruiterers, a butcher, baker, saddler, garage, police, hospital, banks, post office (officially from 1906 to 1928, then unofficially until 1975) and a railway station. There was even an orchestra of ten players in 1912. The population of Selwyn rose from 1000 in 1911 to 1500 in 1918, before gradually declining.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Mount Elliott Smelter</h3><br>
<p>Mount Elliott Smelter is located in Cloncurry Shire, approximately one kilometre south of the former township of Selwyn, and 95 kilometres south of Cloncurry. The main processing infrastructure and remains are centralised on the northern side of the low hill known as Mount Elliott.</p><br>
<p>Immediately north of the main processing complex is a shallow basin formed by natural rises in ground. Within this basin lay the powerhouse and boiler house machinery beds, ore tunnel, beehive kiln, the lower condenser area and railway embankments.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the central complex are the remains of an assay office, furnaces, one possible and one identifiable explosives magazine, the upper condenser bank, tank stands, and the remains of a substantial residence.</p><br>
<p>To the south-west, on the central low hill, are the remains of a winder engine machine-bed, a square brick stack that served the boilers of the winder complex, and the single remaining bed and footings of the primary ore crusher.</p><br>
<p>Further west on low ridges are the remains of a strong room, office, stone tank stand and smithy.</p><br>
<h3>Selwyn Township</h3><br>
<p>The Selwyn Township is located at the northern end of a valley running south to Mount Elliott Smelter which is about 1.5 km distant. All buildings have been removed and the evidence of the township now comprises garden plots, cement surfaces and corrugated iron water tanks.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Union Hotel remains identifiable and the timber stumps of the stationmasters house, the railway formation and surviving timber sleepers are among the most visible remains. The railway embankment follows the eastern side of the valley between the town and smelter passing several miners hut sites comprising rough stone walls, and benched surfaces with stone retaining walls.</p><br>
<p>Identifiable sites in the valley include a cement surface formerly under the high-set school building, the police station site, and the original smelter site at the base of a hill on the western side of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The town cemetery, about 200m south-east of the town, contains about fifteen headstones in separate sections for Catholics and Protestants. All but one headstone are from Melrose & Fenwick of Townsville. The grave sites include three women, a returned Anzac accidentally killed in the mine, a man who died of injuries in the local hospital, and a miner from Mount Cobalt who was buried in 1925 after Selwyn was almost deserted.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Elliott Mining Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 September 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Elliott Mining Complex, incorporating the remnants of the Mount Elliott Mine, Smelter, a range of associated infrastructure, scattered archaeological artefacts, the abandoned town of Selwyn and its associated cemetery, has the potential to provide important information on aspects of Queensland&#39;s history particularly early copper smelter practices and technologies, the full range of activities peripheral to those base operations and, importantly, the people who lived and worked in this complex historic mining landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Elliott Mining Complex has sufficient archaeological integrity and diversity in its assemblage to facilitate detailed studies which would reveal the largely undocumented social and cultural aspects of the occupation and use of the mine, smelter and Selwyn Township areas. Important research questions could focus on, but are not limited to, cultural identity and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, individual and collective living conditions, and individual adaptations to the remoteness and harshness of the local environment.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations within the Mount Elliott Mining Complex have potential to reveal specific details about the function and use of the area that complement and augment archival records. Investigations of the remnant mining and smelting infrastructure may help answer important research questions relating to mining and smelting operations including, but not limited to:</p><br>
<p>the design and operation of an early primary ore-processing plant, base metals mine and smelting operation in Queensland</p><br>
<p>adaptation of work practices due to remoteness, harshness and the local environment</p><br>
<p>fundamental and influential changes to copper mining and smelting practice in Queensland initiated by Mount Elliott&#39;s manager W.R. Corbould (1907-1922), especially the use of more efficient and economical production techniques compared to other similar operations</p><br>
<p>The Mount Elliott Mining Complex is an important component of a broader historic mining landscape as operations at Mount Elliott helped initiate extractive and primary processing industries in the Cloncurry region and north-west Queensland generally. The remnant infrastructure, mining artefacts, and the remains of the mining township of Selwyn have potential for important comparative material to other mining sites in the region, particularly the nearby Hampden Company Smelter at Kuridala and Mount Cuthbert Township and Smelter. Archaeological investigations at the Mount Elliott Mining Complex may reveal new information that expands our understanding of such enterprises and on the everyday lives of the people living and working at such sites across Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The schooner Timberwind is a historic former pilot boat, now berthed in Belfast, Maine. Built in 1931, she served as a pilot boat  in Portland Harbor until 1969, and was then converted into a schooner as part of the Maine "windjammer" tourist fleet. She is one of a very small number of early 20th-century purpose-built pilot boats that has survived major alteration, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Timberwind is a two-masted wooden-hulled sailing vessel. She has a total length of 70 ft, a beam of 14 ft, and a draft of 10 ft. She has an oak frame, and is sheathed in yellow pine below the water line and oak above it. The deck planking is yellow pine. She is presently rigged as a schooner, although she has carried a number of different sail configurations in her service history, and the bowsprit used in the rig was added as part of the ship&#39;s conversion to tourist service. She is fitted with two marine engines located midships, and was originally fitted with crew living, sleeping, and dining quarters belowdecks.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Pilots Association was formed in the early 20th century as a method to organize the activities of the private harbor pilots who brought large ships into the Port of Portland. The associations first pilot boat, the Director, was commissioned and built in 1906. Due to increasing demand, a second boat was commissioned and built in 1931 entering service in December of that year. The Portland Pilot design is said to be based on that of the Director and a local fishing schooner. She served as a pilot boat until 1969, except for a period during World War II, when she was commandeered by the United States Coast Guard for patrol duty in the harbor&#39;s outer reaches. From 1969 to 1971 she underwent conversion for use as a tourist boat in Camden, and has served as a "windjammer" offering daily cruises to tourists from a base first in Rockport, and most recently in Belfast.</p><br>
<p>Tree of Knowledge is a heritage-listed tree on the Barkly Highway, Camooweal, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 September 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge on the Camooweal Camping, Pasturage & Stock Dipping Reserve is a mature Coolibah tree, on the eastern side of the Georgina River and about 200 metres west of the town. It is said that for many years drovers and teamsters camped nearby and met and yarned beneath the shade of the tree.</p><br>
<p>Following William Landsborough&#39;s exploration of the Camooweal area during his search for Burke and Wills in 1861-62 pastoralists moved into the district. The first was John Sutherland who took up the Rocklands lease in 1865. Loss of stock to dingos combined with isolation, scarcity of labour and transport difficulties forced him to abandon his lease.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the mid-1870s that squatters moved back to the area. In 1883 local squatters petitioned the Queensland Government, requesting that land for a town to service their pastoral properties be reserved at the junction of the main stock route down the Georgina River from Burketown and a track from the east to Northern Territory (then part of South Australia). A town reserve of four square miles was gazetted on 15 December 1883 and was amended and re-gazetted in August 1884. The reserve was located on the Georgina River near Lake Frances, south of Rocklands Station Homestead. The first sections of the Town of Camooweal were surveyed in 1888.</p><br>
<p>By 1892 Camooweal had become an important outback township on major routes between Cloncurry and Burketown and between Cloncurry and pastoral properties further west. Being only seven miles from the border with South Australia it had a customs post, as well as post and telegraph facilities, courthouse and police station besides 2 hotels, a school and various service and supply businesses.</p><br>
<p>A pasturage reserve adjacent to the township was declared probably in the 1890s. In 1917 the reserve was increased from 7,697 acres to about 14,000 acres. This reserve stretched from the west of the town of Camooweal to the Northern Territory border and the rabbit proof fence and shared its northern and southern boundaries with Rocklands Station. In 1933 the reserve was designated for Pasturage purposes and in 1973 it was declared as a Camping, Pasturage & Stock dipping reserve. It is currently about 5,480 hectares in area.</p><br>
<p>The Barkly Highway passes through this reserve and drovers taking stock to and from the Northern Territory, up and down the Georgina stock route and up to Burketown used this reserve as a rest area. To teamsters and drovers, camping on the reserve near the Georgina River meant a chance to rest, clean clothes, water and feed their animals and utilise nearby Camooweal facilities such as shops, medical help and postal services. It was also an opportunity for teamsters and their families who used this route regularly, to send their children to the local school temporarily. Oral history collected from various drovers who used the reserve regularly, records that a particular Coolibah tree on the pasturage reserve, far enough from the river that it was safe from flash flooding and sheltered from the southerly prevailing winds, became a popular meeting place for drovers and teamsters, where they would sit in the shade and share tea and gossip - hence the name "Tree of Knowledge". The tree was located on the eastern side of the Georgina River, north of the bridge and within walking distance of town and offered attractive shade to those on the trade route from Burketown to Camooweal.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge is a mature Coolibah tree (Eucalyptus microtheca) on the eastern side of the Georgina River, within walking distance of the town of Camooweal. It is located within 100 metres north of the new road bridge in the Camooweal Camping, Pasturage & Stock Dipping Reserve on the eastern flood plain of the Georgina River, 200 metres west of Camooweal. The tree is approximately 8 metres in height and its circumference a metre above the ground is 150 cm. There are scars around the base of the trunk and to a height of about 2.5 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tree of Knowledge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Tree of Knowledge on the Camooweal Camping, Pasturage & Stock Dipping reserve is important in demonstrating part of the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. Before the advent of trucking, the reserve was used by drovers, teamsters and others visiting Camooweal as a place to camp, rest, collect mail and supplies and seek medical assistance at nearby Camooweal, before beginning the next stage of the journey. According to oral history, the Tree of Knowledge on the Camooweal reserve was a meeting place where the campers exchanged gossip.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The tree has special association with drovers and their descendants and descendants of others involved in the pastoral industry. The Tree of Knowledge acts as a living, physical focal point for memories and reminiscences about their past and the role they and their families played in the development of the Barkly Tableland and surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>The Greenwood House, now the Gingerbread Apartments, is a historic house on Vermont Route 103 in Chester, Vermont. Built about 1850 and restyled about 1900, it is an architecturally distinctive blend of Greek Revival and Late Victorian styles. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Greenwood House stands on the north side of Vermont 103, just east of its crossing of the Middle Branch Williams River. It is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a front-facing gabled roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. The front facade is dominated by elaborate Victorian gingerbread styling, which adorns the gable and the wraparound porch, which has a two-story rounded projection at the right corner. The house&#39;s Greek Revival past is discernible in corner pilasters rising to an entablature below the pedimented gable. The interior of the house, despite alterations and conversion to apartments, retains a number of features from both its Greek Revival origin and its later Queen Anne redecoration.</p><br>
<p>The house is believed to have been built about 1850 by an unknown owner. At the time, it would have marked the southern end of Chester&#39;s village, and stood opposite the local district school, also a Greek Revival building. The house was acquired sometime after 1870 by the Haselton family, whose daughter Hattie married John Greenwood. The Greenwoods undertook a major renovation of the building about 1900, adding the elaborate front porch and other features. The house and its carriage barn (which apparently dates to the Haselton ownership period, but also has some Greek Revival features) were converted into apartments in the late 1960s. The building is often featured in tourism-related articles featuring the town.</p><br>
<p>Freckleton&#39;s Stores is a heritage-listed group of shops at Barkly Street, Camooweal, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1950s. It is also known as Synnot and Co., Synnot, Murray and Scholes and Synnot, Murray and Scholes. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Freckleton&#39;s stores comprise a group of buildings located at the western end of Barkly Street, Camooweal, in north-west Queensland. The township of Camooweal was proclaimed in 1884, and developed as a pastoral centre for outback stations. Camooweal was also important in the context of pre-Federation customs collection, as it was only seven miles from the border with South Australia, later the Northern Territory.</p><br>
<p>The land was granted to Thomas Harding in 1888 and acquired by Frank Frith, a Camooweal storekeeper in 1891. The land was acquired by John Affleck in 1893. Affleck took out a mortgage with Patrick Synnott in 1895, suggesting that the earliest of the present stores which was built as a general store for bulk groceries such as flour, sugar and tea, was erected at about this time. At the turn of the century a two-gallon licence to decant and sell spirits was obtained, and a bond store was erected adjacent to the eastern side of the general store, which became known as the "gallon licence".</p><br>
<p>Although Normanton became the chief port into the Gulf of Carpentaria after the 1870s, it was from Burketown that the Camooweal district drew its supplies. Affleck and Synnott were Burketown merchants, of the firm Affleck, Synnott and Co.</p><br>
<p>Synnott and Co, storekeepers, were first recorded at Camooweal in 1903. Affleck took out a further mortgage with Burns Philp and Co in 1906. The stores were acquired by Patrick Synnott in 1911, and became known as Synnott, Murray and Scholes in 1918. They were managed by Synnott&#39;s son, James H Synnott, of Camooweal from 1934 to 1940.</p><br>
<p>In 1943 the business, including associated buildings, was sold to Joseph Freckleton a tank sinker and teamster originally from South Australia. By the 1940s the business had acquired the Shell and Qantas agencies and Freckleton was able to take advantage of wartime demand for aviation gasoline and other services during Camooweal&#39;s period as a military movements and supply centre.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1940s, in addition to the general store and gallon licence, the Freckleton family owned a number of buildings, including another store, in Camooweal. Around 1950 this store was moved onto the stores allotment and re-erected adjacent to the eastern side of the gallon licence, becoming the third building on the allotment. This former store was operated as a cafe and milkbar until the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Concrete footpaths and street gutters were laid by Freckleton during the early 1950s. Concrete retaining walls were erected around the early flagstone footpath outside the general store at this time. During the early 1950s Freckleton was involved in the purchase, dismantling and re-sale of ex army building materials and erected timber storage racks between the general store and gallon licence. Also during this period he erected a large iron shed at the rear of the allotment for bulk storage of liquor produce and fuel.</p><br>
<p>Freckleton died in 1964 and control of the stores passed to two of his children, Joseph Freckleton and Lillian Ada Miller. Substantial repairs and maintenance were undertaken on buildings on the allotment during the early 1970s. A kitchen and toilet were built onto the rear of the cafe for the manager, and a carport was erected at the rear of the allotment.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, following the death of Joe Freckleton, his sister Ada closed the store and the Barkly History Museum within it as, aged 82, she was unable to continue to operate it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Freckletons Stores are situated on an allotment containing several single-storeyed timber and corrugated iron buildings, which include the Old Store and the Bond Store/Gallon Licence. An iron covered timber storage rack and carport are also on the allotment.</p><br>
<p>The Old Store is clad in vertically-running corrugated iron on a timber frame and has a simple gabled roof flanked by skillions. The roof is supported by a simple structure of timber rafters, purlins and collar ties resting on round timber posts with brackets. The posts are founded on bedlogs, and the floor joists rest on the ground; this contact with the earth has created a white ant problem. The store contains extensive hand-hewn shelving for the storage of flour etc. Externally, an awning runs the width of the street elevation to the south. It is supported by five substantial round timber posts. It covers a section of footpath which is paved in local unworked limestone slabs set in a bedding of antbed, now concrete pointed, and is retained with a low concrete retaining wall. The building has a double door entrance at front and rear.</p><br>
<p>The Bond Store/Gallon Licence is clad in horizontally-running corrugated iron, and also has a simple gabled roof flanked by skillions. The building sits above the street on round timber stumps and steel posts. The store is lined internally with stained timber, and has extensive built-in timber shelving, cupboards and counters. An awning running the width of the gable end is supported on steel posts.</p><br>
<p>The two buildings compliment each other in form and materials, and contribute to the streetscape as a now uncommon pair of corrugated iron stores.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Freckleton&#39;s Stores was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Freckletons Stores, Camooweal, are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history, in particular the pattern of inland development in north-west Queensland, and the role of Burketown as a supply centre for north-west Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>They are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of early corrugated iron outback store buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>They exhibit particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular their contribution to the character and streetscape of Camooweal.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As longstanding stores in Camooweal and north-west Queensland, they have a special association with the Camooweal community.</p><br>
<p>Community Hall is a heritage-listed former town hall at Barkly Highway, Camooweal, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Rooney Brothers and built from 1922 to 1923 by Hogarth & Hammond. It is also known as Barkly Tablelands Shire Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Camooweal Community Hall was built in 1922-23 for the Barkly Tableland Shire Council as a council chambers and community hall.</p><br>
<p>William Landsborough was the first European to discover the Barkly Tableland were discovered while he was officially engaged in the search for Burke and Wills in 1861. He named it after Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of Victoria. The first European settlers were pastoralists who established sheep runs in the district a few years later. The recession of the late 1860s caused a withdrawal, but in the 1870s pastoral settlement started up again based on cattle. The area was part of Burke Division, later to become Burke Shire.</p><br>
<p>Camooweal was formed as a supply centre for pastoral runs at the junction of the Georgina stock route and Northern Territory road. It was surveyed in December 1883 and gazetted as a town in December 1884, the area of the reserve for township purposes being modified in 1894. Its position was important; it was on a major route midway between Burketown and Cloncurry and only 7 miles from the border between the colony of Queensland and the Northern Territory then controlled by South Australia. It was not only the chief supply centre for a wide area but was also important as a customs post in the pre-Federation era when the affairs of the colonies were separate and customs duty an important source of Queensland Government revenue. Camooweal was supplied through Burketown and by 1892 was described in the Australian Handbook as being on a transport, post and telegraph route and having a customs post, court and police station besides 2 hotels and school and various service and supply businesses. It also served an important role as a social centre for a scattered community.</p><br>
<p>The Barclay Tableland Shire was formed on 10 February 1914 from portions of Burke and Cloncurry Shires with Camooweal at its centre. The name of the shire was changed to Barkly in 1919. The land on which the shire hall was constructed was a local government reserve on the corner of Nowranie Street and the Barkly Highway. The block also contained the police, court house and health reserves and so was a key administrative area in the town.</p><br>
<p>The hall was constructed for the shire in 1922-3 with the assistance of a Queensland Government loan of £3000 to be repaid within 10 years. Plans and specifications for the hall were drawn by the Townsville firm of Rooney Brothers, and Hogarth and Hammond carried out the construction, having submitted the lowest tender of £2207. Use of the hall was provided free to the hospital for entertainments and they also had use of the office for monthly meetings. The patriotic service rendered by many men from the district during the first World War was not forgotten and in 1924 an ornate Wunderlich honour board of copper mounted on timber was installed in the hall.</p><br>
<p>The hall was too small for the shire&#39;s needs and the population of the township and surrounding area was increasing, so in 1935 the Shire again applied to the Queensland Government for a subsidised loan. These were available to help provide work for the unemployed and it was proposed to extend the hall by 30 feet and build a residence for the shire clerk. The loan was granted in order to provide work for the unemployed and consisted of £1450 as a loan and the same amount as a subsidy. Rooneys were sent the plans and specifications for the old building and asked to prepare plans for the new work to match. The tender of H Wilder of Julia Creek was accepted, being £598 for construction of the hall and £895.00 for the residence. At a much later date a small flat was attached to the rear of the hall.</p><br>
<p>During the second World War, the Barkly Highway was sealed to accommodate supply convoys and Camooweal became an important refuelling stop. The airport was sealed and served as an important base.</p><br>
<p>The hall has been the venue for all important occasions in the town and has been used for church services, weddings, dances, concerts, weddings, as a voting booth and to entertain important visitors to Camooweal.</p><br>
<p>On 15 December 1962 the shire became Mount Isa Shire, reflecting the growth and importance of this centre and then was named City of Mt Isa on 1 June 1968. Major work was carried out on the hall in 1984 for the celebration of Camooweal&#39;s centenary and again in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Camooweal Community Hall is located in a prominent position on the Barkly Highway in the centre of Camooweal. It is a single storey timber building with wide encircling verandahs set on low stumps and has a gambrel roof clad in corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The hall is rectangular in plan with the main entrance from the short axis to Nowranie Street. Entry is by a short flight of steps and there is a central front door flanked by sash windows. The exterior walls have exposed studs and French doors open onto the verandahs along the north and south sides. The verandah roof is supported on timber posts linked by dowel balustrading. The southern verandah has been enclosed by the addition of timber louvres and there are offices on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>The hall ceilings are sheeted in decorative pressed metal. Local honour rolls in pressed copper are housed within the hall on the east wall.</p><br>
<p>A small accommodation unit with a bedroom, kitchen and bathroom adjoins the north east corner of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Community Hall, Camooweal was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Camooweal hall demonstrates the way in which much of western Queensland was settled by means of small service towns on supply routes. They provided a scattered population with essential goods, services, administrative facilities and the social structure to develop a sense of community. The hall also has important associations with the former Barkly Tablelands Shire which has since been absorbed into the Mount Isa local authority.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Camooweal Community Hall is a fine example of a timber shire hall in the vernacular style which has been extended over time while adhering to the original design principles. The wide verandahs with French doors opening out onto them and timber louvres illustrate traditional means of providing shade and ventilation in a hot arid climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Community Hall is an important public building in a prominent location and in form, scale and material makes an important visual contribution to the townscape of Camooweal.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Community Hall has had a long connection with the people of Camooweal and the surrounding district as the focus for a range of important community services and social events.</p><br>
<p>Hodgkinson&#39;s Marked Tree is a heritage-listed tree at Rocklands Station, Camooweal, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hodgkinsons Marked Tree on the northeastern shore of Lake Mary, Rocklands Station, near Camooweal, was marked during William Oswald Hodgkinsons North-West Expedition of 1876 to identify new grazing land in far western Queensland. This was the last government-sponsored exploratory expedition in Queensland, taking Hodgkinson to the Diamantina, Mulligan and Herbert rivers, then north to Normanton via the Gregory, Cloncurry and Flinders Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Explorer William Landsborough was the first European to pass through the Camooweal area. At the time (1861–62) he was looking for Burke and Wills. His reports led to the area being settled by pastoralists who established sheep runs in the district a few years after his expedition. The first settler to the area was John Sutherland, who with John Frazer and William Hanson of Sydney successfully applied for the Rocklands lease in 1865. Loss of stock to dingos combined with isolation, scarcity of labour and transport difficulties forced him to abandon his lease.</p><br>
<p>In September 1875 the lease was auctioned and Benjamin Crosthwaite purchased Rocklands. In September 1876 William Oswald Hodgkinson during his north west exploration camped beside Lake Mary on Crosthwaite&#39;s property, near the station homestead on the eastern side of the lake, just north of the later town of Camooweal.</p><br>
<p>William Oswald Hodgkinson first visited Australia in 1851 as a midshipman. By 1853 he was working for the Victorian Colonial Government until returning to England. In 1859 he returned to Australia to join the literary staff of The Age newspaper. He started with the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860 and the following year joined in John McKinlay&#39;s search for them. He founded newspapers in Rockhampton and Mackay before moving to the Ravenswood gold fields in 1868. In 1870 he was appointed mining warden and police magistrate on the Etheridge goldfield and in 1876 James Venture Mulligan named the Hodgkinson goldfield after him. Hodgkinson was Member of the Legislative Assembly for Burke in 1874-75, resigning to lead the North West Expedition. From 1878 to 1886 he served as mining warden on the Etheridge, the Palmer and at Gympie. He was a member of the Queensland Parliament on several occasions, serving as Minister of Mines and Works from 12 December 1887 to 13 June 1888 and Minister of Mines and Public Instruction from 12 August 1890 to 27 March 1893.</p><br>
<p>By correspondence dated 29 September 1875, Hodgkinson was instructed by the Queensland Government to seek out pastoral country known to exist on the Diamantina River and areas to its west towards the border with South Australias northern territory (now the Northern Territory). In 1877, Hodgkinsons report of his explorations from 13 April to 27 September 1876 was published in the Votes and Proceedings of the Queensland Parliament.</p><br>
<p>On 17 September 1876 Hodgkinson traversed country below the junction of Rankins Creek with the Herbert River, which had been occupied before but abandoned due to the pastoral crisis of 1866 and the scarcity of labour and transport. By 26 September Hodgkinson had travelled up the Herbert River to Lake Mary, where he found Landsboroughs Camp 22 marked tree of "XMAS 1861".</p><br>
<p>Like Landsborough, Hodgkinson also camped on the shores of Lake Mary. He too marked a tree to show that his North-West Expedition had been there, reporting that he used a "broad arrow over H over LXXXVIII over 27-10 over 1876". On the map attached to his report he noted this camp as marked by a broad arrow over LXXXVIII over Sep 27 over 1876, and the entry date in his report is 27 September, not October. This was the last tree that Hodgkinson reported as marking during the 1876 expedition, but the map accompanying his report indicates further camp sites as the expedition continued north east along the Gregory River. Whether trees were marked at these other camps is not indicated on the 1876 map, but a 1920 survey plan showing pastoral holdings in this area indicates that Hodgkinson had marked a tree at camp 90 (broad arrow over H over XC over O), near where he crossed the O&#39;Shanassy River. It is likely a tree was marked at each camp site as this was the usual practice of exploratory parties, so that others might follow.</p><br>
<p>Hodgkinsons Marked Tree at Rocklands Station was entered in the National Trust of Queenslands Register of Significant Trees in 1983. At that time a photograph attached to the nomination showed that the original markings were still visible. The place was entered in the Queensland Heritage Register in August 1992 under the transitional provisions of the Queensland Heritage Act 1992.</p><br>
<p>On Christmas Day 2003 a family group travelled by boat up the Georgina River from Camooweal to Lake Mary to check on the Hodgkinson Tree and found it was healthy and still leaning over the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hodgkinson Tree is a mature Coolibah tree (Eucalyptus microtheca) on the northeastern bank of Lake Mary, in the Rocklands Station homestead paddock north of Camooweal. It leans over the lake, which is part of the Georgina River system.</p><br>
<p>The National Trust of Queensland holds a photocopy of a photograph of the tree, showing carved into a branch, above a fork in the trunk, a broad arrow over H over LXXXVIII over Sep 27 over 1876.</p><br>
<p>These markings are believed to be still visible.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hodgkinson&#39;s Marked Tree was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>This Coolibah tree was marked on 27 September 1876 to record camp 88 of William Oswald Hodgkinsons government-sponsored North-West Expedition in search of unexplored pastoral country in far western Queensland. The tree marked the end of Hodgkinsons main exploratory work during this expedition, the country further north being reasonably well known by this date. Due to Hodgkinsons efforts valuable pastoral lands were opened, leading to the viable development of far western Queensland. Hodgkinsons Marked Tree is symbolic of the nature and pattern of exploration of the Australian interior in the mid 19th century and is important surviving evidence of this principal theme in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>This marked tree has a special association with the work of William Oswald Hodgkinson, an explorer, journalist, goldfields warden/police magistrate and politician who in many and varied activities made a significant contribution to the development of Queensland from the 1860s to the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The Tenza Valley  is an intermontane valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The valley stretches over the southeastern part of the department of Boyacá and the northeastern part of Cundinamarca. It is located east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and in the time before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, as the Altiplano was inhabited by the Muisca in the higher altitudes and the Tegua in the lower areas to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Tenza Valley is named after Tenza which means in Chibcha: "Behind the mouth" or "Going down at night".</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The Tenza Valley is situated in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes at altitudes between approximately 2,100 m in the northwest and 400 m in the southeast. The Lengupá River, part of the Orinoco drainage basin, flows through the valley and connects the higher altitude Altiplano Cundiboyacense with the Llanos Orientales. The Une, Villeta, Socha, Macanal and Bogotá Formations outcrop in the valley. The valley is rich in water. The average temperature is 20 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tenza Valley was inhabited by the Muisca before conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada entered the central highlands of Colombia. The Tenza Valley was ruled by a cacique who was loyal to the zaque based in Hunza, present-day Tunja. On the fertile lands of the valley the indigenous people elaborated their agriculture. The valley was also important in the economy of the Muisca, hosting the important emerald resources of Chivor and Somondoco.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologist Juanita Sáenz Samper has discovered three agricultural terraces and five cemeteries hosting one grave and pertaining to pre-Columbian times. The research in the Tenza Valley has also uncovered typical grey ceramics of the area, called Valle de Tenza Gris.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>The Chivor Reservoir, producing 8% of Colombia&#39;s hydroelectric energy, is located in the Tenza Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The temperate climate of the Tenza Valley allows for a variety in agriculture. Main products cultivated are maize, yuca, potatoes, papa criolla, sugarcane, tomatoes, bananas, coffee, fique, arracacha, peas, beans, cucumbers, pumpkins, mangoes, chirimoya, oranges, avocadoes, pineapples, mandarines, papayas, maracuyá, guayaba and lulo.</p><br>
<p>In terms of mining, the emerald mines of Chivor and Somondoco are important. Coal mines and gold extraction form another part of the mining business in the valley. Salt is mined on a minor scale in Sutatenza and gypsum is exploited in Macanal.</p><br>
<h2>Municipalities in the Tenza Valley</h2><br>
<p>Tent House is a heritage-listed house at Fourth Street, Parkside, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The population growth of Mount Isa was rapid from 1926 to 1930, and this caused acute housing shortages.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, there were hundreds of tents, housing railway and construction workers, sprawled between the town and the mine. Other huts had walls made from beaten-out chemical drums from the mill, antbed floors and corrugated iron roofs. But a new town on the other side of the hill absorbed many. The settlement of Mount Isa Mines was built by the company on its leases for its own men, a planned and self-contained town which was approached through a valley guarded by a gatekeeper. Leslie Urquahart was the creator of the company town. His policy sprang from his experience in Russia and he realised that in a region with a harsh climate and a reputation for industrial unrest of the employees&#39; welfare was an essential investment. This policy of providing extensive accommodation for employees was regarded as an "interesting experiment" - it was not the norm in 1929. By mid 1929 fifty cottages for workmen and seven staff houses had been completed, along with reticulated water supply and septic tank installation. A self-contained staff house, with twenty-one bedrooms, reading and dining rooms had also been completed. Five dormitories for single men, each accommodating forty men, and a mess hall to serve them were in the course of erection, but owing to the rapid increase of work at the mines, temporary accommodation capable of housing 400 men was erected.</p><br>
<p>The growth of the community continued to present problems for company management during the years when there was difficulty financing housing developments. The 1934 Directors&#39; Report commented:"A portion of the community consists of 60 tents erected in 1930. These were in a bad state of repair, and after representations by the employees in this section, the company agreed to furnish the material for converting these temporary dwellings into tent houses. The employees, co-operating among themselves, furnished the labour."</p><br>
<p>Conversion of a tent into a tent house included the addition of an iron roof above the existing tent roof and iron walls outside the tent walls. The air space between the iron and the fabric helped to keep the house cool in the summer months.</p><br>
<p>Another labour boom at the end of the 1940s led to tent accommodation being used. But it was the massive expansion of copper mining in the Old Black Rock lease in the 1960s which led to the removal of most of the early buildings of the company town as they were located on top of the ore.</p><br>
<p>The tent house at Fourth Avenue, now managed by the National Trust, was one of the last remaining in the city in 1967 when it was decided to retain it as a museum piece.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Tent House was relocated to Underground Hospital site where it can be better protected and more accessible to tourists.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is a simple timber frame structure with a gable roof and enclosed verandah on the eastern side. An elevated timber frame gable tent roof is set over the house enclosing and shading it with a 1-metre space between roofs. The house roof and gable walls are covered with canvas. The remaining walls are clad with ripple iron. The enclosed verandah and tent roof are clad in corrugated iron. The sides of the house and verandah are lined with glass louvre windows. The building stands on a grassed allotment. The house was described in 1937 as - "three roomed house, walls of galvanised iron and drum roof; roof of galvanised iron, partitions of iron and wood, floor of boards and earth". The only other surviving tent house in Mount Isa was demolished in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Tent House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The tent house is significant as a rare survivor of a once common type of accommodation erected in Mount Isa in the 1930s to ease the housing shortage.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Although the construction and design principals were adopted for other permanent Queensland public buildings, this tent house was originally constructed as a temporary structure. Its survival is due to the local community wanting to retain a physical link with the early mining settlement.</p><br>
<p>Underground Hospital is a heritage-listed former public hospital at Camooweal Street, Mornington, City of Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edward J Ryan and built from March to April 1942 by Mount Isa Mines. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Isa Underground Hospital, constructed during March/April 1942 in the grounds of the Mount Isa District Hospital, was built by off duty miners from Mount Isa Mines. The structure was designed by Dr Edward Joseph Ryan, Superintendent of the Mount Isa District Hospital. Construction work was supervised by Wally Onton, Underground Foreman at Mount Isa Mines.</p><br>
<p>The war in the Pacific reached the shores of Australia on the 19th February 1942. Darwin was bombed by aircraft operating from four aircraft carriers in the Timor Sea. Within days Timor fell to the Japanese, the Australian cruiser HMAS Perth sank during the Battle of the Java Sea, while Broome, Derby and Wyndham in Western Australia, and Port Moresby in New Guinea were all bombed by Japanese aircraft.</p><br>
<p>The threat to Mount Isa seemed very real because there appeared to be little military opposition left in the north of Australia after the devastation of Darwin and the West Australian towns. The Mount Isa Copper Mine was seen as a strategic resource of great value to the Japanese, being recognised as one of the world&#39;s major deposits of copper, lead, zinc and silver. It was believed that like the Japanese controlled tin fields and rubber plantations of Malaya, and the oil fields of Borneo, the Mount Isa Mine was probably a target for invasion forces and air attacks.</p><br>
<p>Reacting to the perceived threat, Dr Edward Ryan decided to take precautions to protect Mount Isa District Hospital from air raids. Dr Edward Ryan contacted Vic Mann, MIM Mine Superintendent, who offered the co-operation of the company and the services of Underground Foreman Wally Onton to supervise the project. The company supplied all the equipment for the work, which was done by Mount Isa miners who volunteered their time.</p><br>
<p>The drilling, blasting and mucking out was mostly done over a two-week period, with the fitting-out taking a few more weeks. The work was done during March/April 1942, during which approximately 100m of tunnel were excavated. Three parallel adits were driven into the hill face and then connected to a crosscut level to form a large underground shelter with an "E" shaped plan. A vertical rise to the hillside above helped ventilation and was also equipped with a ladder to serve as an emergency exit. The excavation was timbered using the contemporary mining methods of the day, then equipped with furnishings and fittings to perform all the functions of a hospital. There were male, female, and maternity/children&#39;s wards, a surgical theatre and a delivery room.</p><br>
<p>The finished underground hospital was about 100m from the rear of the nearest hospital building, with access along a gravelled pathway. The three entrances were secured by locked timber gates. Inside the hospital was framed either with sets of round native timber or sawn Oregon timber, the ceiling was sawn hardwood planks and some of the walls were lined with gidyea logs. The floor was bare earth. The hospital was equipped with electric lights and a telephone. Furthermore, buckets of water and sand, stirrup pumps and shovels were present in case of an air raid.</p><br>
<p>Dr Ryan kept the shelter fully equipped and ready for use with linen, medical equipment, dressings and pharmaceutical stocks. Once a week there was an air raid drill, and nurses and orderlies wheeled less-seriously ill patients up the steep gravel path to the underground hospital.</p><br>
<p>Mount Isa never experienced air raids, and it soon became apparent that the attacks on Darwin and other northern towns were harassing raids rather than the prelude to an invasion. History shows that Japanese resources were extended to their limit and, after the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway, their naval power was destroyed. The threat of invasion disappeared as the Japanese forces were driven from New Guinea and into retreat from the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>Although air raid drills ceased, the underground hospital remained in use for less urgent purposes. The shelter was used as a dormitory by the nurses on hot nights, then like most unused spaces, it gradually became a store room of hospital equipment and files. After the war, lax security allowed young children to play in the tunnels, which still contained medical equipment and pharmaceutical supplies.</p><br>
<p>The shelter was finally closed sometime during the 1960s when rubble, excavated during the construction of the new four-storey hospital wing, was used to close the three entrances. The ventilation rise was also filled in. For approximately ten years the underground hospital remained closed until the fill at the north collapsed in 1977, and at the main entrance in 1988. Each time an entrance opened there was debate in the community regarding the future of the site. In 1992 the main entrance again collapsed and there was considerable debate about the site because of the Australia-wide interest in WWII sites during celebrations which commemorated the Battle of the Coral Sea and the 1942 threat of invasion.</p><br>
<p>The entrance was again closed, but reopened in 1994. While the entrance was again open and its future was being discussed in the media, a fire broke out in the southern tunnel at 1.30am on 27 August 1994. Queensland Fire Services found water was ineffective and, not knowing the layout of the interior, or the source of the fire, they waited until daylight and filled the tunnel with high expansion foam to extinguish the fire. The Mines Rescue Unit and volunteers later removed most of the burnt timber and stacked it at the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>In response to the fire, the hospital administration installed a locked trapdoor of heavy steel mesh over the collapsed entrance, and the entrance has remained open but secure against entry for the past three years. A public meeting in late 1995 showed that community support has swung strongly in favour of conserving and developing the underground hospital rather than again burying the entrance.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 a Steering Committee, representing the owners, heritage conservation organisations and corporate and community representatives, was formed to manage the future of the underground hospital. A conservation strategy, funded under the Queensland Heritage Grants Program and the National Trust of Queensland, was prepared at the request of the Steering Committee. Vandals lighted a second fire on Sunday 26 October 1997 causing further damage to the interior.</p><br>
<p>Plans are in place for the interior of the hospital to be cleared by Green Corps (Young People for the Environment) and volunteer labour. The work will be carried out in consultation with the Cultural Heritage Branch of the Environmental Protection Agency. All artefacts will be documented, tagged and stored at the North West Queensland Museum in Mount Isa. Re-timbering of the interior will be carried out under the supervision of Mount Isa Mines engineers who will also provide some of the equipment required for the project.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The underground hospital occupies an area roughly 20m square in the southeastern corner of the Mount Isa Base Hospital grounds. Its south tunnel lies very close to the hospital&#39;s southern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the underground hospital consists basically of three parallel east-west tunnels, joined at their eastern ends by a tunnel running north-south. All three parallel tunnels were once opened to the outside, but were blocked by rubble in the 1960s. The middle entrance is now partially opened.</p><br>
<h3>The Tunnels</h3><br>
<p>The three parallel tunnels run almost exactly due east-west. They have been driven in from the surface by drilling and blasting. Some of these drill hole are still visible around the entrance to the middle audit, and in the middle and south tunnels, the drill holes are well preserved in the roof and walls. All the visible stone in the tunnels is a hard, light-coloured shale, which fractures along steeply dipping joint lines. The roof and walls appear to be in good condition overall. Engineering advice since 1994 has indicated that the tunnels are in a sound condition although fist size rock pieces are lying on the floor of the tunnels.</p><br>
<p>All the rock surfaces in the underground hospital are slightly irregular and roughly finished, so all the following dimensions are necessarily approximate. The middle tunnel is 13.8m long from the upper lip of the entrance to the corner of the crosscut, and 2.7m wide. The south tunnel is 14.5m long from the crosscut to the last visible timber post standing in the shale mound blocking its entrance, and 2.6m wide. The north tunnel is the shortest and widest of the three, only 10m from the crosscut to the last timber set standing in the shale mound blocking its entrance, but 3m wide. The east tunnel is 20.4m long and the widest of the tunnels at 3.5m. At both ends of the east tunnel, opposite the north and south tunnels, are two recesses in the wall, the same width as the facing tunnels and each about 1.7m deep. The tunnel heights are very difficult to measure, as the entire floor of the underground hospital is covered with debris, and the original floor level can only be guessed at. The roof height, near the corner of the middle and east tunnels is about 2.5m The total exposed floor area of the underground hospital is about 188m square.</p><br>
<p>The ventilating raise is obstructed at its base by fallen stone and timber. It is located in the intersection of the crosscut and the north tunnel, and is about a metre square in section. It appears to rise a little to the north of vertical for four or five metres, narrowing down as it rises, and is then obstructed by stone and timber. Visibility up the rise is obstructed by a heavy growth of tree roots. A small tree, growing up the slope about 20m north-east of the buried entrance to the raise is probably the source of the tree roots.</p><br>
<h3>The Timbering</h3><br>
<p>Internally, the underground hospital was timbered like a mine, although two different techniques were used. The north tunnel was heavily timbered with three piece sets of sawn Oregon posts and top lagged with hardwood planks resting on the caps. Five sets were intact in October 1997. The rest of the hospital was lightly timbered with round logs of native hardwood about 1.5 cm in diameter. Throughout most of the hospital only occasional posts were standing in 1997 and most of these were dislodged and leaning. A few intact set survived in the north east corner, showing the construction was generally similar to the sawn timber Oregon sets; having round caps and hardwood plank lagging resting on them. The sets were spaced by sprags resting on cleats nailed to the tops of the posts.</p><br>
<p>In his 1997 report, Peter Bell indicated that approximately three-quarters of the timber shoring in the underground hospital was missing. He also said that a portion of the remaining timber was suffering from termite damage and dry rot. Unfortunately the dry rot damage has accelerated since the 1997 fire because of the amount of water and foam pumped into the structure during the fire.</p><br>
<h3>Wartime Fittings and Equipment</h3><br>
<p>Little remains of the furnishings and medical equipment. There is no evidence of the operating theatre equipment, beds, cupboards and other moveable equipment. Some material remaining prior to the fire included benching along the eastern wall, timber shelving, light fittings and timber shoring in the north tunnel. There was also a considerable amount of post war material such as files, X-ray plates and medical equipment such as an autoclave. It is believed that the files and X-ray plates fuelled the 1997 fire.</p><br>
<p>In the south tunnel there were 1940s light shades, bed tables, as well as post war material such as unidentified machinery and furniture. At the rear of the north and south tunnels are two 2.7m x 1.7m recesses. Each recess was fitted out with a roughly constructed cupboard, of which only the northern one was surviving in 1997. The recesses and cupboards are thought to have been constructed after WWII.</p><br>
<h3>Floor Deposit</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the underground hospital, the floor is covered with a deposit of earth, fallen stone, ash, timbers, pieces of furniture, electrical equipment and other material. One conspicuous element of the floor deposit is the number of pharmaceutical bottles and ampoules it contains. Several dozen bottles and a smaller number of ampoules are visible on the surface. Most of the bottles are empty and unlabelled, but some contain liquids and powders. Some samples removed by firemen in 1994 contained ampoules labelled sodium glycophosphate, sulphur powder and saline solution.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Underground Hospital was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Underground Hospital, constructed by Mount Isa Mines volunteer labour in response to the perceived threat of Japanese invasion, is thought to have been excavated between March and April 1942. Mount Isa Mines provided equipment and the services of the Underground Foreman, Wally Onton.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The hospital, built entirely underground, is currently thought to be unique in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As such, the site possesses considerable archaeological significance, with potential to yield evidence about 1940s medical and nursing technology and about local improvisation during wartime.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The underground hospital, designed by Hospital Superintendent, Dr Edward Joseph Ryan is particularly significant as a civilian defence structure built during a period of war. It is also important as an example of mid-20th century mining technology, and the skill and speed of Mount Isa miners of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It is also important as an example of mid-20th century mining technology, and the skill and speed of Mount Isa miners of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Underground Hospital has considerable social significance. Community concern regarding the conservation of the underground hospital is demonstrated by the number of organisations who have become involved in the conservation project, including the Mount Isa Hospital Board and City Council, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the North West Queensland branch of the Queensland Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Ingenio Azucarero Vives, also known as Hacienda Vives, is a historic sugar mill complex with ruins of windmill and a processing building, in Barrio Machete of Guayama, in southern Puerto Rico. Sugarcane was ground by the windmill and the extracted juice was further processed in the processing building, by slaves. A slave uprising occurred here in the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>It is believed to have been constructed by 1828.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, the site was found to be significant as the only example of early industrial architecture and the only windmill in Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>It was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record program, with photographs by Jack Boucher.</p><br>
<p>Modern photographs show that the complex has been restored.</p><br>
<p>The Starling Grange, now Starling Hall, is an historic former Grange hall at 2769 Main Street  in Fayette, Maine, US. Built in 1879, it has been a fixture of the community since then. The Grange chapter disbanded in 1987, and the building has since then been owned by the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Starling Grange hall is located in the cluster buildings making up the village of North Fayette in north central Fayette. It is set on the east side of SR 17 just south of its junction with Baldwin Hill Road. It is a long rectangular 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It is set on a sloping lot, with its basement partially exposed. There is evidence that the basement was used for horse stalls. The front facade is symmetrical, with a projecting single-story entry vestibule topped by a hip roof. Sash windows are located on either side of the vestibule, and on the second floor, with decorative hoods. The ground floor interior is divided into a small meeting room, kitchen, and dining room, with a mudroom at the rear, while the upstairs is dominated by a large meeting hall with a raised stage and square proscenium.</p><br>
<p>The Starling Grange was organized in 1877, and the front portion of the present building was constructed in 1879. Due to large membership, the hall was enlarged in 1900 by widening and deepening; this alteration is visible in the post-and-beam framing of the original portion, and the balloon framing of the addition. The hall has served as a social and civic venue since its construction, and was adapted in 1953 to house the town library, which was established through the activities of the Grange chapter. The Grange was disbanded in 1987, and the building was deeded to the town. It has undergone rehabilitation, and is now maintained by a non-profit organization on behalf of the town.</p><br>
<p>The Harrington House is a historic house at 88 North Road in Bethel, Vermont. Built in 1890–91, it is a fine example of high-style Queen Anne Victorian architecture, a relative rarity in the state. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Its most recent uses have included a restaurant and bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Harrington House stands in a rural-residential area south of Bethel village, at the triangular junction of Vermont Route 107 and North Road. It is a rambling 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with the irregular and asymmetric massing typical of the Queen Anne period. Its most prominent exterior features are a three-story polygonal turret that projects from one corner, and its porches and port-cochere, which feature delicate turned woodwork. The exterior is clad partly in wooden clapboards and partly in wooden shingles, and has a variety of projecting bays and dormers in its roof. The interior also features high-quality period woodwork, including an especially elaborate main staircase, as well as eight fireplaces featuring polychrome tiles.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1889 for Edwin and Mary Harrington, both originally from Stockbridge. Harrington was a successful businessman who had had a successful career in Philadelphia. This house was built by a local contractor; its architect is not known. Edwin Harrington died in 1891; his wife expanded the number of buildings on the grounds, adding the carriage house and gazebo. After the Harrington ownership ended in 1910, the house was adaptively reused for commercial purposes, first as a medical sanitorium, and then as a bed and breakfast inn. It has most recently housed a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The Goodwillie-Allen House  is a small American Craftsman-style bungalow located in Bend, Oregon. The house was constructed in 1904 by Arthur Goodwillie, the first mayor of Bend. Today, the building is owned by the City of Bend. It is the oldest structure inside the city limits of Bend, the oldest American craftsman style house in Deschutes County, Oregon, and the second oldest craftsman-style bungalow in Oregon. The Goodwillie-Allen House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Arthur L. Goodwillie was born in Chicago, Illinois in 1878. He moved to Bend in 1904 to explore business opportunities in Central Oregon. Goodwillie became a partner in the Pilot Butte Development Company, serving as the companys secretary. He was an investor in the towns first bank and its first telephone company. He helped organize Bends first water, power and light utilities. Goodwillie also helped establish the areas first school district, serving on its board of directors. In December 1904, Goodwillie was elected Bend’s first mayor.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after arriving in Bend, Goodwillie married Grace Jones, a local school teacher. After their marriage, the Goodwillies built a new home overlooking the Deschutes River. It was a small bungalow constructed in the American craftsman style. They lived in the home from its completion in 1904 until late 1907, when they moved back to Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The Goodwillies sold the house to Herbert and Alice Allen, a young couple who had just arrived in Bend. Herbert Allen was a senior manager with the Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company, a firm that operated a large sawmill in Bend. He was also active in a wide range of other private enterprises including the Central Oregon Irrigation Company and the Deschutes Irrigation and Power Company as well as many civic and public affairs organizations such as the Bend Commercial Club, the local chamber of commerce, and the Bend school district. The Allens lived in the bungalow from 1908 until Herbert’s death in October 1929.</p><br>
<p>A local physician, Doctor Clyde Rademacher, and his wife Marjorie were the next owners of the house. The Rademachers bought the property from the Allens in 1937. Doctor Rademacher was a founder of the Bend Memorial Clinic, the community&#39;s first multi-specialty medical clinic. The Rademachers lived in the house until the 1980s when both the doctor and his wife died just a few years apart.</p><br>
<p>After the death of the Rademachers, the property sat vacant for several years. Eventually, the building was scheduled for demolition to create space for a parking lot. However, a community group was organized in 1993 to save the historic residence. The plan, called the Riverfront Connection Project, was to acquire the building and move it 50 ft south of its original site onto an adjacent tax lot. This was done successfully, without any damage to the structure. Once the building was on its new foundation, it was renovated for use as a fine art gallery and art education center.</p><br>
<p>Today, the bungalow is the oldest building in the city of Bend and the oldest American craftsman-style residence in Deschutes County. It is also the second oldest craftsman-style bungalow in the state of Oregon. Over the course of its existence, the house has been known by various names. Initially, it was known as the Goodwillie House, then the H. E. Allen House, later the Allen-Rademacher House, and finally the Goodwillie-Allen-Rademacher House. When the property was nominated for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, it was nominated as the Goodwillie-Allen House. However, it is most commonly known as the Goodwillie-Allen-Rademacher House to recognize the bungalow’s three principal owners.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Goodwillie-Allen House is a one-and-one-half-story American craftsman style bungalow. It was built in 1904 at a cost of $1,800. It was constructed with locally produced lumber and native stone. The main part of the house is 28 ft wide and 54 ft long with an extension on the east façade. The extension adds 12 ft to the length of the house on the southeast side and is half the width of the building. There is also a porch on the west façade that adds an additional 8 ft to the structures length. The house is an excellent example of an American craftsman style residence, highlighting many of the styles most notable features. For example, it has a low-pitch hip roof with dormers, deeply overhanging eaves with exposed rafters under the eaves, a large front porch tucked under an extension of the main roof, and numerous windows, many with art glass features.</p><br>
<p>The front (west) façade has a wide porch with heavy lava stone walls surrounding the porch area. The porch is covered by an extension of the main hip roof. The porch roof is supported by three stone columns. The front door has a large leaded-glass panel and is set to one side of the building&#39;s center line. Next to the door are three large picture windows that look out across Drake Park at the Deschutes River. The windows are separated by wide mullions and topped with a single matching header. All three windows feature lead glass detailing in a diamond-obelisk design. Above and set back from the porch roof extension is a large second-floor dormer with a hip roof which caps the west façade.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation is dominated by a side porch covered by an open lattice beam pergola which runs the entire length of the building. The front of the side porch is bordered by a lava stone wall that matches the front porch. The lattice beams are supported by seven lava stone columns. Starting near the southwestern corner, there are double casement windows bordered by wood-molding frames. The windows are separated by wide mullions with a header sill above. Next to the window group, there is a single wooden door that has been sealed closed. Then there is group of six bay windows. The main side entrance is a wooden door with a large glass panel insert. The door is flanked on both sides by five-pane sidelight windows in wooden frames. East of the entrance are three casement windows with diamond-obelisk art glass in wooden frames. A second floor dormer is centered in the middle of the south façade.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the building (east façade) is the extended section of the house along the south side. The extension is half the width of the building. There are two small square windows on the main part of the building and a sealed wooden door on the north side of the extension. There is a small shed dormer in the center of the roof. Next to the rear dormer is a chimney. A small garden area is located between the rear of the building and the public sidewalk.</p><br>
<p>First-floor windows run along the northwest side of the building. All the windows feature leaded glass with diamond-obelisk patterns. The windows are separated by wide mullions and topped with matching headers. In the middle of the façade are three single casement windows about 1.5 ft apart, all with matching window frames. At the northeast corner, there is an alcove area created by the south side extension. On the second floor, there is a large dormer with a hip roof that matches the dormer on the south side of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The interior of the Goodwillie-Allen House reflects American craftsman design concepts. It has 2,471 ft2 of interior space with 1,792 ft2 on the first floor and 779 ft2 on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>Most of the first floor has 9.5 ft ceilings. The living room runs the entire width of the west side (front) of the building. The living room is spacious and bright, with large windows on three sides. The room&#39;s main feature is a massive lava stone fireplace in the center of the room, facing the front picture windows. The fireplace features "a high mantel and a low hearth". The mantel is a single thick piece of smooth stone projecting out from the chimney. This fireplace is Deschutes County’s oldest known example of native volcanic tuff stone used as residential building material.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the main dining room was east of the living room on the south side of the building with a bedroom on the north side, opposite the dining room. Today, the dining room is still in its original place, but the front bedroom and another room in the rear have been removed to create a completely open floor plan along the north side of the building. Originally, the kitchen was on the south side of the building next to the dining room, with the side door providing access to the south side porch area. Today, the kitchen has been converted into a foyer for the south side entrance. The small modern kitchen and bathrooms are now in the rear of the building. In these rear rooms the ceiling drops to 8 ft. The stairway to the second floor and several small stage rooms are located in the center of the building toward the rear.</p><br>
<p>The second floor has a cruciform floor plan under a 7 ft vaulted ceiling. Today, the second floor provides space for three small offices with stairway access, a restroom, and storage area under the shed dormer at the rear of the building. The dormer windows on the west, south, and north sides of the building provide natural light to the office spaces, although the western and southern offices are in separate rooms. There are built-in shelves and storage cabinets throughout the second floor area, typical of the American craftsman style architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building has an unfinished basement with approximately 5 ft of clearance. The basement is used for general storage. It is accessed through a hatch in the front porch deck.</p><br>
<p>C. H. Ostenfeld Nunatak is a nunatak in King Christian X Land, East Greenland. Administratively it falls under the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>This geographic feature was named by Lauge Koch during his 1929–30 expeditions after Danish botanist Christian Emil Hansen Ostenfeld (1873–1931), author of ‘Flora of Greenland and its origin’.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is a relatively large nunatak located east of Stenoland between the Wordie Glacier and the Granta Glacier. Its northern end lies 9 km to the east of Faraway How&#39;s eastern point.</p><br>
<p>C. H. Ostenfeld Nunatak is 15.7 km in length and its maximum width is 6.4 km; the highest elevation is located at the western end and is 1,019 m high.</p><br>
<p>Hangingstone Hill, is a hill in North Dartmoor in the southwest English county of Devon. At 603 metres high, it is the joint third highest peak in Devon and Dartmoor, together with Cut Hill, which lies around 4 kilometres to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>The hill lies within the military training area on Dartmoor and is not accessible to the public except at certain times. There is a military road to the summit, which is marked by an Army observation post and flagpole. On clear days, the views are "superb", extending to Exmoor, the Quantocks, the River Teign estuary and many of Dartmoor&#39;s peaks.</p><br>
<p>The name of the hill is derived from a logan rock on the northwest hillside, which, however, no longer rocks. It was formerly known as Newtake Hill.</p><br>
<p>Hangingstone is one of Dartmoor&#39;s thirteen Deweys and the tenth highest in England.</p><br>
<p>About 600 metres almost due south is the summit of Whitehorse Hill which is a subpeak or twin peak of Hangingstone Hill. It has a drop of less than 10m.</p><br>
<p>Windy Gap Reservoir, located near the town of Granby in Grand County, Colorado, is owned and operated by the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District. The reservoir&#39;s inflow and outflow are from and to the Colorado River. The confluence of the Fraser River and the Colorado River is about a mile upstream from the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>A diversion dam creates the reservoir. A nearby pumping station sends water from the reservoir to Lake Granby, six miles away, where it is then pumped over the mountains to the Front Range.</p><br>
<p>The project is able to divert about 48,000 acre-feet of water per year, chiefly during the snowmelt season from April to July.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife viewing</h2><br>
<p>The Windy Gap Watchable Wildlife Area lies on the north side of the reservoir and provides parking and picnic tables.</p><br>
<p>Robert A. Grant Federal Building and USA Courthouse, also known as the Federal Building, is a historic post office and courthouse building located at South Bend, St. Joseph County, Indiana. It was designed by noted architect Austin and Shambleau and built in 1932-1933. It is a four-story, Art Deco / Art Moderne style building faced with Indiana limestone and Vermont granite. It housed a post office until 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural Description</h2><br>
<p>The Robert A. Grant Federal Building and USA Courthouse is located on the southeast corner of the intersection of Main and Jefferson Streets in downtown South Bend, Indiana. The rectangular lot is bordered by Main Street on the west, Jefferson Street on the north, and city alleys on the east and south. Nearly the entire site is covered by the building. The building, with a full basement, three floors, and a mezzanine, has two primary elevations on the north and west. The building is designed in the Art Moderne or Art Deco style. The primary elevations have low relief and consist of pilasters alternating with bays of vertical strips of windows. The intercolumnar rhythm is flanked by slightly projecting corner pavilions. Entrances are located within these pavilions at either end of the west facade. The main block of the building is terminated by a continuous carved cornice. Above the cornice line is another floor set back from the face of the building.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls are constructed with brick masonry faced with Indiana limestone and Vermont granite veneer, except for the third floor interior lightwells which have brick cladding. The primary elevations feature decorative elements of cast bronze. The original doors and windows have been replaced with new aluminum units. The building is covered with flat roof surfaces with the exception of the roof over the third floor courtroom which is a hopped and covered with standing seam copper.</p><br>
<p>The primary elevations of the building face west and north. The elevations have gray granite base and are clad with a smooth limestone veneer. The elevations are divided into ten bays of vertical window fenestrations set between nearly solid, slightly projecting pavilions at the ends. The buildings two main entrances, identical to each other, are located in the end pavilions on the west elevation. Oversized carved stone surrounds with modified egg-and-dart motifs contain pairs of replacement aluminum entrance doors set into bronze frames which include ornate transom windows. Above the entrance doors are glazed transoms with bronze grilles. The portions of the elevations between the end pavilions consist of Doric pilasters separating vertical groups of windows. The vertical window bands consist of replacement aluminum triple casement sash with trisected transoms set in the original bronze frames. To create the vertical banding effect, bronze spandrels with varying designs (grains, flowers, abstracts) were placed at the floor levels. The spandrels over the entrance doorways feature a spread eagle motif. A cornice, composed of a modified Doric order entablature with guttae details sits atop the two-story pilasters and contains the incised letters "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" on the west elevation. The third floor of the building sits back slightly from the west and north faces of the building, and are divided into twelve bays of fenestration with the same replacement aluminum triple casement sash with trisected transoms. A simplified cornice with abstract carvings top the elevation. Bronze letters reading "ROBERT A. GRANT FEDERAL BUILDING AND UNITED STATES COURTHOUSE" are attached to the limestone adjacent to each entrance. The buildings cornerstone with incised lettering is adjacent to the north entrance.</p><br>
<p>The details and materials of the end pavilion wrap around to the east and south elevations. The remainder of these elevations, though clad with the same granite and matching limestone, are much simpler in appearance and are devoid of the decorative carved details. Window openings contain either single or paired casement sash with corresponding transoms. Several door and window openings have been infilled with metal louvers of limestone blocks. The main feature of the east elevation is the raised loading dock platform with its projecting canopy. An overhead garage door, also located on the east elevation, provides access to the basement parking court.</p><br>
<p>The building features two highly significant interior spaces: a two-story, barrel-vaulted postal lobby trimmed in marble and polished brass on the first floor, and a two-story courtroom trimmed with walnut paneling on the third floor. Most of the remainder of the interior spaces have been substantially renovated over the years.</p><br>
<h3>Construction History & Space Inventory</h3><br>
<h3>Construction History</h3><br>
<h3>Significance</h3><br>
<p>During the first quarter of the 20th Century, South Bend, Indiana&#39;s businesses and population were increasing at an unexpectedly rapid rate and the 1898 USA Post Office, though extensively remodeled in 1909, could not keep up. In April 1930, President Herbert Hoover transmitted an approved list of public building projects to Congress including $1,000,000 to construct a new post office in South Bend, Indiana. At the end of June, 1930, the Second Deficiency Bill, calling for $66,211,884 in expenditures succeeded in acquiring the lot adjacent to the existing USA Post Office, increasing the site to an adequate size.</p><br>
<p>The United States Department of the Treasury, Office of the Supervising Architect was making an effort to award design work to local architects and contractors whenever possible. Several South Bend architectural firms submitted schematic designs to the Treasury Department. In December 1930, the design contract was awarded to the local architectural firm of Austin & Shambleau. Ennis R. Austin had worked for the Treasury Department as the Superintendent of Construction for six years prior to the establishment of the firm. In this position, he had supervised the construction of all post offices and federal court buildings in a three-state area. The government provided minimal guidelines, including the functions to be located in the building, allowing the architect a free hand on the design. The general layout and design was developed by N. Roy Shambleau.</p><br>
<p>The building style, sometimes referred to as "Starved Classicism,” was just beginning to evolve. Prior to this era, most federal buildings were Neoclassical in design. However, the Modernist movement was gaining strength in federal architecture with ideas of more universal spaces, the flat facade, and the lack of ornamentation. This resulted in a block-form building with fluted pilasters alternating with shallow windows creating virtually flat facades. The internal space often became more open, flexible and interchangeable. The ornamentation - a symbolic classical motif - became more abstract and pared-down.</p><br>
<p>The construction documents were completed by the end of June, 1931. The documents were sent out for bid during July and three bids were received. The low bidder was James I. Barnes and Company of Logansport, Indiana with a bid of $685,000. The contract was awarded in the middle of August and the Notice to Proceed was issued the beginning of September 1931. Demolition of the existing building began in September 1931 and was completed by the end of October. The excavation was begun that fall, but the foundations were not poured until the spring of 1932. By April, the granite base was in place and the brick work had begun. The corner was laid by Postmaster John N. Hunter on May 12, 1932. The new USA Post Office and Courthouse was ready for occupancy the first week in March 1933, a week before completion was scheduled.</p><br>
<p>The building served its original purpose for fifty years. Then in 1983, the USA Postal Service moved from the building into a new facility. An extensive renovation project ensued, converting the former postal service area for use by the federal courts and offices. An additional District Court expansion project is scheduled for 1997.</p><br>
<p>On July 12, 1985, the building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Downtown South Bend Historic Multiple Resources Area. The building was sited as having significance in the area of architecture and government/politics. On October 23, 1992, the building was renamed for Judge Robert A. Grant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The American Brewing Company Plant is a historic beer brewery complex at 431 Harris Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island, developed between 1892 and 1922. It is a well-preserved example of a state of the art late 19th century brewery building, its original functions still discernible in its layout. It was only used as a brewery until 1922, when it was shut down by Prohibition; it has served as a warehouse and storage facility for most of the time since. The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The American Brewing Company Plant is located in Providence&#39;s Federal Hill neighborhood at the northeast corner of Harris Avenue and Eagle Street. The principal building of the plant is a three-story brick structure with stone trim. Decorative features include round-arched windows set in recessed panels, a rusticated stone stringcourse between the first and second floors, and brick piers with corbelling separating some of the windows at the upper levels. This building was designed by Adam Wagner, a well-known designer of breweries, and was built in 1892. Also on the property are a c. 1900 ice house, a 1911 boiler house, and several modern garages. The order of operations of large-scale beer brewing are still evident in the interior of the building (mostly used now as a warehouse), from fermentation, to storage and settling, to bottling.</p><br>
<p>The brewery was founded in 1892 by James Hanley, an Irish immigrant, and featured state of the art facilities of the period, including the installation of two industrial-scale climate control systems needed to control temperatures for the lagering of beer. It is the only industrial-scale brewery of the period to survive in the state, and is one of only a few surviving designs of Adam Wagner. The brewery was operated only until 1922, when it closed as a consequence of Prohibition. In 1936, the property was adapted for use as a warehouse and storage facility, in which use it continued until 2005.</p><br>
<p>Lawyer and politician John F. Collins worked at the brewery as a young man just out of college in the 1890s. Ironically, Collins was responsible for prosecuting Prohibition cases during his time as special assistant to the United States Attorney for Rhode Island from 1921–23. Collins also served as Mayor of Providence 1939—1941.</p><br>
<p>The Union Meeting House is a historic church at 2875 Sennebec Road in Appleton, Maine. Built in 1848, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture. It has served a variety of congregations, and housed the town library for a time. It is now owned by the local historical society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Union Meeting House stands atop a rise on the northeast side of Sennebec Road in Appletons village center, next to the town offices and roughly opposite the public library. It is a modest single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The front facade is symmetrical with a pair of entrances, each flanked by pilasters and topped by corniced entablatures. A pair of narrow and tall stained-glass windows are set in similar framing between the entrances, as are sash windows directly above them. The facades corners are pilastered, and there is a lancet-shaped louver near the peak of the gable. A tower rises from the gabled roof, with a square first stage, a six-sided louvered belfry as a second stage, and a six-sided steeple above.</p><br>
<p>The meeting house was built in 1848 by a union of non-Baptist congregations, as a place of worship that was not shared with the Baptists, who had built a church in 1845. Construction was funded by the sale of pews, and denominations that used the building over the years included Unitarians and Quakers. It fell out of use about 1920, and was maintained until 1970 by the Appleton Memorial Association. For 28 years, the balcony housed the local public library. In 1971 the town claimed the property on a tax lien, and gave it to the local historical society, which now uses it as its museum and headquarters.</p><br>
